Giardiasis Life Cycle
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Questions and Answers

Match the following parasite types with their characteristics:

Microparasite = Small, unicellular, multiplies within vertebrate host Macroparasite = Large, multicellular, no direct reproduction within vertebrate host Ectoparasite = Live on the surface of the body Endoparasite = Live within the body of the host

Match the following parasite classifications with their examples:

Protozoa = Microparasites Helminths = Macroparasites Viruses = Excluded from the term 'parasite' Bacteria = Excluded from the term 'parasite'

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Infection = Invasion by endoparasites Infestation = Infection by ectoparasites Parasitology = Study of organisms dependent on others for life cycle and metabolic needs Medical parasitology = Deals with parasites infecting man and related diseases

Match the following parasite vectors with their role:

<p>Ectoparasites = Transmitting pathogenic microorganisms Endoparasites = Not involved in transmitting pathogens Viruses = Excluded from parasite vectors Bacteria = Excluded from parasite vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasite types with their descriptions:

<p>Obligate parasites = Organisms cannot exist without a host Facultative parasites = Organisms may live either as parasites or free-living Accidental parasites = Organisms that attack an unusual host Aberrant parasites = Organisms that attack a host where they cannot develop further</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following host types with their definitions:

<p>Definitive host = Harbors the adult parasite and allows sexual replication Intermediate host = Harbors larval or asexual stages of a parasite Paratenic host = Host in which parasite larvae survive but do not develop further Reservoir host = Host that can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with no ill effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following host-parasite relationships with their descriptions:

<p>Symbiosis = Association where both host and parasite are dependent on each other Commensalism = Association where only the parasite benefits without harming the host Parasitism = One partner (parasite) harms or lives at the expense of the other (host) Compromised host = Host with impaired defense mechanisms, highly susceptible to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following protozoa phyla with their classifications:

<p>Sarcomastigophora = Contains amoeba and flagellates Apicomplexa = Contains Sporozoa Ciliophora = Contains Ciliates Microspora =</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Trophozoites = Active, feeding form of the parasite Cysts = Dormant, infective form of the parasite Excystation = Process where the cyst wall is lysed, releasing trophozoites Encystation = Process where chromatin material is concentrated into cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following locations with their descriptions:

<p>Large Intestine = Where trophozoites grow and multiply by binary fission Liver = Where trophozoites from the ulcer in the large intestine multiply, causing liver abscesses Small Intestine = Where metacystic trophozoites are carried into the caecum in the faecal stream Mucosa and Submucosa = Habitat of trophozoites in the large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associations:

<p>Amoebic Dysentery = Symptom of profuse bloody diarrhea caused by E.histolytica Amoebic Hepatitis = Result of trophozoites gaining entrance into radicles of portal vein and multiplying in the liver Amoebomas = Pseudotumoral lesions associated with necrosis, inflammation, and oedema caused by E.histolytica Hepatic Amoebiasis = Development of liver abscesses due to multiplication of trophozoites in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their effects on pathogenicity:

<p>Virulence of Strain = Determines how aggressive the infection will be Resistance of Host = Dependent on innate immunity, affects susceptibility to infection State of Nutrition = Can influence how well the host can fight off the infection Infection with Other Agents = Can make a host more or less susceptible to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with their descriptions:

<p>Fever, Chills, and Diarrhea = Common symptoms experienced after E.histolytica infection Abdominal Discomfort or No Symptoms = Some individuals may have mild or no symptoms at all Bloody or White Mucus in Diarrhea = Indication of a more severe infection Symptoms Starting 2 or More Weeks After Infection = Delayed onset of symptoms after being infected</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods with the correct description:

<p>Microscopic identification = Common method for diagnosing E.histolytica Blood examination = Shows moderate leukocytosis Serological tests = In later stages of invasive amoebiasis, antibodies appear Histology = Trophozoites can be identified in aspirates or biopsy samples obtained during colonoscopy or surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs with their recommended use:

<p>Paromomycin = Drug of choice for asymptomatic infections Metronidazole = Drug of choice for symptomatic intestinal or extraintestinal infections Iodoquinol = Drug immediately followed by treatment with paromomycin or iodoquinol Tinidazole = Drug immediately followed by treatment with paromomycin or iodoquinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nonpathogenic amoebae with their distinguishing characteristics:

<p>Entamoeba dispar = Smaller in size compared to E.histolytica Entamoeba hartmanni = Contains a large glycogen vacuole that stains darkly with iodine Entamoeba coli = Both the trophozoite and cyst have one nucleus with a large endosome Endolimax nana = Mature cysts contain 4 nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct description of Naegleria fowleri:

<p>Found in warm freshwater and soil near warm-water discharges = Opportunistic amoeba causing naegleriasis Inhaled through the nose, entering nasal and olfactory nerve tissue = Pathogenic form is the invasive stage of the parasite Does not form a cyst in human tissue, only amoeboid trophozoite stage exists = Cysts and flagellate forms never found in tissues or CSF Causes rapidly fatal infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis = Patient develops severe frontal headache, fever, and signs of meningeal irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages with their characteristics:

<p>Excystation = Release of trophozoites in the large intestine Encystation = Formation of resistant cysts in the life cycle Binary fission = Multiplication of trophozoites in the duodenum Division of nucleus = Mitotic division of the nucleus in Trichomonas vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic methods with their descriptions:

<p>General Stool Examination (GSE) = Identification of cysts in formed stool and trophozoites in diarrheal stool ELISA = Detection of anti-Giardia antibodies in patients' serum Entero test (string test) = Specimen aspiration from the upper intestine using a gelatin capsule with a nylon string Biopsy = Confirmation of giardiasis diagnosis through examination of duodenal and jejunal tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treatments with their effects:

<p>Metronidazole = Antibiotic causing nausea Tinidazole = Effective single-dose treatment for giardiasis Furazolidone = Popular option for treating giardiasis in children Antibiotics = Common treatment for giardiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasites with their characteristics:

<p>Giardia lamblia = Causes severe diarrhea of steatorrhea type Chilomastix mesnili = Non-pathogenic, often co-occurs with other parasites Trichomonas vaginalis = Flagellated parasite causing trichomoniasis Commensal parasite = Considered non-pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with their descriptions:

<p>Steatorrhea = Symptom associated with severe diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia Epigastric pain = Symptom commonly experienced with giardiasis Jaundice = May result from localization of parasite in biliary tract Flatulence = Symptom associated with giardiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with the correct description:

<p>Vaginal discharge = One of the signs and symptoms of trichomoniasis in females Irritation = One of the signs and symptoms of trichomoniasis in females Dysuria = Symptom that infected males are usually asymptomatic for Low abdominal discomfort = Symptom that infected females may experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct species of trichomonads:

<p>T.tenax = Species causing infection in a specific part of the body Pentatrichomonas hominis = Species found in the intestinal tract of human beings T.vaginalis = Species causing trichomoniasis in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic methods with their descriptions:

<p>Microscopic examination = Most traditional method for diagnosing trichomoniasis Culture T.vaginalis isolation = Method that can be done on urethral and vaginal exudates Classic symptoms diagnosis = Not a reliable method due to symptom similarity with other STDs Laboratory diagnosis = Involves more than just relying on clinical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following information with the correct treatment method:

<p>Nitroimidazole antibiotics = Effective treatment for curing trichomoniasis Metronidazole or tinidazole = Specific antibiotics used for treating trichomoniasis Chronic infections risk = Reduced by proper antimicrobial treatment Developing countries cases = Where accessing healthcare and facilities for treatment is challenging</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Vector = An agent that transmits infection from one human host to another Reservoir host = A host that can harbor a pathogen indefinitely with no ill effects Trophozoite = The active feeding stage of a protozoan parasite Cyst = The dormant transmission stage of a protozoan parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their characteristics:

<p>Giardia lamblia = Intestinal flagellate with trophozoite and cyst stages Amoebae = Motile parasites found in CSF Amphotericin B = Toxic drug used as an antinaeglerial agent Mechanical vector = Type of vector that assists in transferring parasitic forms between hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct term:

<p>N. fowleri cultivation method = Placing CSF on non-nutrient agar spread with bacteria Life cycle of Giardia lamblia = Consists of trophozoite and cyst stages Purpose of wet-mount preparation = To demonstrate motile amoebae in fresh CSF specimen Treatment for PAM = No satisfactory treatment available at present</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their examples:

<p>Biological vector = Transmits pathogenic organism after development and multiplication Microscopy of CSF = Used to demonstrate motile amoebae in a simple wet-mount preparation Natural reservoirs = Hosts that elucidate complete life cycle of infectious diseases Axostyle and ventral disk presence = Characteristics of Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medical parasitology only deals with parasites that infect animals, not humans.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microparasites are large, multicellular organisms that reproduce outside their host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectoparasites live inside the body of the host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All protozoan and helminthic parasites of man are considered endoparasites.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infestations are caused by endoparasites living within the host's body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parasites that multiply outside their vertebrate host are known as macroparasites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A facultative parasite may live either a parasitic or a free-living existence under unfavorable circumstances.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accidental parasites always attack their usual host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aberrant parasites can develop further in a host where they cannot live.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Definitive hosts harbor the adult parasite where it replicates sexually.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intermediate hosts only harbor the larval stage of a parasite.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reservoir hosts can harbor a pathogen indefinitely without any negative effects on themselves.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symbiosis refers to an association where both host and parasite benefit from each other without causing harm.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commensalism is an association where the parasite harms the host.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zoonosis refers to a disease that can be transmitted from humans to animals under natural conditions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protozoa are multicellular animals in the kingdom Protista.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trophozoites of E. histolytica ingest erythrocytes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cysts of E. histolytica can remain viable in a dry environment for several days.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flies and cockroaches can serve as vectors for the transmission of E. histolytica cysts.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each mature cyst of E. histolytica gives rise to four small metacystic trophozoites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

E. histolytica secretes a proteolytic enzyme that leads to the destruction and necrosis of tissue.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

E. histolytica and E. dispar are morphologically distinguishable species.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intestinal amoebiasis caused by E. histolytica may result in profuse bloody diarrhea.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with intestinal amoebiasis may develop hepatic amoebiasis 1-3 weeks after the disappearance of dysentery.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amoebic liver abscesses caused by E. histolytica may involve various organs such as lungs and brain.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pathogenicity of E. histolytica depends on factors such as virulence of strain, resistance of host, and state of nutrition.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adhesion of T.vaginalis to vaginal epithelial cells is not an important step in pathogenesis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of trichomoniasis in females may include low abdominal discomfort.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infected males with trichomoniasis are usually symptomatic.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

T.vaginalis can only be isolated from urethral exudates.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diagnosis of trichomoniasis by microscopic examination is not a traditional method.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomoniasis can be cured with nitroimidazole antibiotics.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

N. fowleri can be cultivated on nutrient agar at 25°C.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The only way to diagnose PAM is during autopsies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibacterial antibiotics are effective in treating PAM.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amphotericin B is a drug effective against N. fowleri.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia lacks mitochondria.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans can be considered biological vectors for some diseases.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cysts are the stage where Giardia lamblia transmits infection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanical vectors are essential in the life cycle of the parasite.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia trophozoites have four pairs of flagella.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans can act as reservoir hosts for certain pathogens without showing symptoms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba dispar is morphologically identical to Entamoeba histolytica.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood examination for Entamoeba histolytica shows severe leukocytosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histology is a method used to identify trophozoites in aspirates during colonoscopy or surgery for Entamoeba histolytica.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iodamoeba butschlii is morphologically identical to Entamoeba histolytica.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naegleria fowleri can form cysts in human tissue.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri leads to death within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infection with Naegleria fowleri is acquired by ingestion of contaminated water.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metronidazole is the drug of choice for asymptomatic infections of Entamoeba histolytica.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba dispar can be distinguished from Entamoeba histolytica by its larger size.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

ELISA, IHA, and IFA are serological tests used for diagnosing Entamoeba histolytica.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

When ingested, each cyst of Giardia lamblia develops into four trophozoites.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia can penetrate the intestinal wall causing severe inflammation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metronidazole is a popular antibiotic treatment for giardiasis that has no side effects.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chilomastix mesnili is considered pathogenic and causes severe diarrhea.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomonas vaginalis has a cystic stage in its life cycle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Giardia lamblia can lead to chronic cholecystitis when it localizes in the biliary tract.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ingestion of Chilomastix mesnili cysts can lead to infection through contaminated water or food.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for trichomoniasis, transmitted primarily through oral sex.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Entero test involves swallowing a gelatin capsule with a spool of nylon string that is used to aspirate specimens from the lower intestine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Furazolidone is not a suitable option for treating giardiasis in children.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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