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Questions and Answers
During which period did significant advancements in metalworking, specifically with bronze, become a defining characteristic?
During which period did significant advancements in metalworking, specifically with bronze, become a defining characteristic?
- Classical Period
- Hellenistic Period
- Archaic Period
- Bronze Age (correct)
The Hellenistic period occurred before the Classical period.
The Hellenistic period occurred before the Classical period.
False (B)
Define 'function' in the context of mythological study.
Define 'function' in the context of mythological study.
How the characters and stories in a myth connect an individual to a larger society.
The worship of multiple gods in a society is known as ______.
The worship of multiple gods in a society is known as ______.
Match the period with its corresponding date range:
Match the period with its corresponding date range:
Which of the following best describes the consequence Aphrodite faced from Zeus, according to the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite?
Which of the following best describes the consequence Aphrodite faced from Zeus, according to the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite?
The Anthesteria primarily celebrates Demeter's role in the harvest and her connection to the Eleusinian Mysteries.
The Anthesteria primarily celebrates Demeter's role in the harvest and her connection to the Eleusinian Mysteries.
What pivotal action by Hermes, as detailed in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, serves as resolution between him and Apollo?
What pivotal action by Hermes, as detailed in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, serves as resolution between him and Apollo?
The all-female ritual that occurred before sowing to encourage fertility is known as the ______.
The all-female ritual that occurred before sowing to encourage fertility is known as the ______.
Match the following locations with their significance in Greek mythology or worship:
Match the following locations with their significance in Greek mythology or worship:
In the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, what creature did Apollo slay during his search for a sanctuary?
In the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, what creature did Apollo slay during his search for a sanctuary?
Which of the following festivals involved a sacred marriage to Dionysus as part of its rituals?
Which of the following festivals involved a sacred marriage to Dionysus as part of its rituals?
What was the purpose of the ritual at Brauron, overseen by Artemis?
What was the purpose of the ritual at Brauron, overseen by Artemis?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of aetiology in mythological narratives?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of aetiology in mythological narratives?
Transliteration focuses on preserving the meaning of words when converting between languages, rather than maintaining their original pronunciation.
Transliteration focuses on preserving the meaning of words when converting between languages, rather than maintaining their original pronunciation.
Define 'time' (timai) in the context of ancient Greek religion.
Define 'time' (timai) in the context of ancient Greek religion.
The term __________ refers to the concept of being born from the Earth.
The term __________ refers to the concept of being born from the Earth.
Match the following figures with their primary role or association in Greek mythology:
Match the following figures with their primary role or association in Greek mythology:
What is the significance of the Muses in Hesiod's Theogony?
What is the significance of the Muses in Hesiod's Theogony?
Hades is depicted as a cruel and vengeful god who actively punishes the dead in the Underworld.
Hades is depicted as a cruel and vengeful god who actively punishes the dead in the Underworld.
Explain the significance of Prometheus's actions and the subsequent creation of Pandora in the context of Zeus's rule.
Explain the significance of Prometheus's actions and the subsequent creation of Pandora in the context of Zeus's rule.
__________, the goddess of agriculture and female fertility, is central to the Eleusinian Mysteries.
__________, the goddess of agriculture and female fertility, is central to the Eleusinian Mysteries.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Aphrodite and Adonis?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Aphrodite and Adonis?
In Greek mythology, epithets are primarily used to describe the physical characteristics of gods and heroes.
In Greek mythology, epithets are primarily used to describe the physical characteristics of gods and heroes.
Describe the consequences of Eos's request for Tithonos's immortality.
Describe the consequences of Eos's request for Tithonos's immortality.
__________ is known as the goddess of childbirth, and her absence is notable during Leto's labor in the myth of Apollo's birth.
__________ is known as the goddess of childbirth, and her absence is notable during Leto's labor in the myth of Apollo's birth.
What event led to Poseidon losing authority over Athens to Athena?
What event led to Poseidon losing authority over Athens to Athena?
Match the following gods with their associated domains:
Match the following gods with their associated domains:
Flashcards
Bronze Age
Bronze Age
3000-1150 BCE
Iron Age
Iron Age
1150-750 BCE
Archaic Period
Archaic Period
750-490 BCE
Classical Period
Classical Period
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Hellenistic Period
Hellenistic Period
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Sacrifice at Mekone
Sacrifice at Mekone
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Homeric Hymn to Demeter
Homeric Hymn to Demeter
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Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite
Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite
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Thesmophoria
Thesmophoria
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Adonia
Adonia
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Symposium
Symposium
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Panathenaea
Panathenaea
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Brauron
Brauron
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Aetiology/Aitiology
Aetiology/Aitiology
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Epithets
Epithets
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Dactylic Hexameter
Dactylic Hexameter
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Autochthony
Autochthony
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Chaos
Chaos
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Tartaros
Tartaros
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Eros
Eros
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Gaia
Gaia
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Ouranos
Ouranos
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Kronos
Kronos
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Themis
Themis
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Muses
Muses
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Pandora
Pandora
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Demeter
Demeter
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Persephone
Persephone
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Study Notes
- Bronze Age: 3000-1150 BCE
- Iron Age: 1150-750 BCE
- Archaic period: 750-490 BCE
- Classical period: 490-323 BCE
- Hellenistic period: 323-30 BCE
Definitions:
- Polytheism: the worship of multiple gods in a society
- Form: the way a myth is portrayed, examples - writing, oral tradition and vase paintings
- Content: the myth itself, inferrable and often metaphorical meanings
- Function: how characters and stories in a myth connect a person to a larger society
- Function: the lesson to be learned, or why people do things a certain way in society
- Anthropomorphic: divine, unhuman like gods with human appearances and characteristics
- Translation: changing words from one language to another based on equivalence of definition
- Transliteration: conversion of words from one language to another while keeping the original pronunciation as close as possible
- Time/timai: honors, privileges or rights of individual gods
- Parthenos: a young girl, maiden or virgin
- Aetiology/aitiology: offers a reason or cause for something, explanation for a custom or fact
- Epithets: noun adjective phrases
- Dactylic Hexameter: every line has 6 stressed syllables
- Autochthony: born from the Earth
- Gune: a woman or wife
People/Divinities:
- Hesiod: unclear if real, wrote Works and Days and Theogony
- Chaos: "chasm", what existed at the beginning of time
- Tartaros: a pit inside the Underworld where Zeus traps the titans
- Eros: “love”, divine winged being servant of Aphrodite, powerful force of reproduction, thriving, taking action, Cupid
- Gaia: "Earth", births the Titans and Rhea with Ouranos
- Ouranos: "Heaven", births the Titans and Rhea with Gaia
- Kronos: creates Olympians with Rhea, swallows children but is tricked by Rhea and Zeus, Zeus overthrows him
- Rhea: births Olympians with Kronos, aids Zeus in trickery towards Kronos to help Zeus overthrow him
- Zeus: ruler of Olympians, overthrows the titans and Kronos
- Hera: wife of Zeus
- Themis: advisor to Zeus, associated with law, justice and order
- Aphrodite: born from Ouranos's genitals' blood, associated with marriage, love, desire, affairs with mortal men
- Cypris: another name for Aphrodite
- Cytherea: another name for Aphrodite
- Muses: goddesses and source of knowledge that give Hesiod knowledge of the gods but take it away in Theogony
- Pandora: first woman, created by Zeus to punish man after Prometheus returns fire he stole, came to Earth with a jar releasing all evils except Hope
- Prometheus: tries to trick Zeus at a dinner with man causing Zeus to take away fire, which Prometheus returns, prompting the creation of Pandora
- Demeter: associated with agriculture and female fertility
- Persephone: daughter of Demeter, kidnapped to be Hades's bride, spends 1/3 time in the underworld, other time with her mom
- Kore: another name for Persephone
- Hades: god of the underworld, is not hateful to humans alive or dead, does not aid/cause death, does not punish them in the Underworld, one of the big 3 gods
- Demophoon: son of Elusis's King and Queen, Demeter tries and fails to make him a god
- Keleos: King of Eleusis
- Metaneira: Queen of Eleusis
- Dione: titan and oracular god
- Ares: rage, aggression and destruction related to war
- Adonis: born from mother turned into myrrh tree, lover of Aphrodite, his tragic death leads to ritual
- Anchises: the mortal man Aphrodite sleeps with in the Hymn to Aphrodite
- Eos: "dawn", wants to be with Tithonos but doesn't ask for immortality correctly
- Tithonos: mortal man loved by Eos, made immortal but still ages due to goddess sleeping with him
- Ganymede: prince of Troy who Zeus abducted
- Aeneas: Son of Aphrodite and Anchises, means “dread”
- Hephaestus: lame son of Hera and Zeus, married to Aphrodite, tries to catch Aphrodite and Ares in affair but is laughed at
- Athena: born from Zeus's head after he swallows Metis, known for practical intelligence among men, closeness with heroes
- Pandemos: name for Athena, “of all the people"
- Metis: when pregnant with Zeus's child, he is warned she will birth a son greater than him, so he swallows her, birthing Athena
- Poseidon: rules the Realm of the Sea, fights authority of Athens with Athena, when he loses, they honor him by removing citizenship from women
- Erichthonius: early king of Athens, born from the Earth from cloth of semen wiped off of Athena's leg
- Hestia: “hearth", center of every home, stable and unmoving, symbolizes ritual of newborn into the family
- Hermes: protector of travellers, messenger of the gods with cap, winged sandals, wand, accompanied the dead to the underworld
- Maia: Nymph and mother of Hermes with Zeus
- Apollo: Phoibos, god of music, poetry, medicine and prophecy, could overthrow Zeus but doesn't, symbolizes transformation rituals for boys and an oracular god
- Artemis: associated with wild animals, young girls and childhood, symbolizes transformation rituals for girls
- Iris: goddess who finds Eileithyia for Leto's birth
- Leto: mother of Apollo and Artemis, 9 days and nights of labor, almost no island let her on them
- Typhon: Hera created it due to jealousy over Leto and Zeus, Apollo slayed it
- Pythia: priestess at Delphi
- Dionysus: associated with viticulture, wine, fertility, theater, masks and mystery cults
- Semele: mother of Dionysus by Zeus
- Satyr: half man, half goat, often seen with Dionysus, they play in satyr plays
- Eileithyia: goddess of childbirth, wasn't at Leto's labor due to Hera, but Iris finds and brings her back to Leto
Texts:
- Theogony: Attributed to Hesiod, most important creation myth that describes the successions of the divinities and how/why Zeus is in power
- Sacrifice at Mekone: myth where Prometheus tricks Zeus
- Homeric Hymn to Demeter: attributed to Homer, describes Persephone's kidnap/rape, Demeter's journey to find her causes barren Earth, becomes a servant to a King and Queen's son, tries to make him a god unsuccessfully, ends up getting split time with Persephone
- Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite: highlights Aphrodite's influence limits, Zeus punishes her. She falls in love with a mortal man and beds him, which can cause misfortune
- Homeric Hymn to Hermes: details Hermes' mischief from birth, stealing Apollo's cattle and creating a lyre, which is gifted to Apollo to clear the air between them
- Homeric Hymn to Apollo: details Leto's struggle of birth, Apollo's search for a sanctuary, slaying of the she-dragon Typhon and Telphusa
- Homeric Hymn to Dionysus: kidnap of Dionysus by pirates who get turned into dolphins
Festivals/Rituals/Cults:
- Eleusinian Mysteries: private ritual connected to Hymn to Demeter, involved sacrifice and washing of pigs, a walk from Athens to Eleusis
- Thesmophoria: an all female ritual that took place before sowing
- Adonia: ritual to honor Aphrodite's lover Adonis's death, short living plants placed on top of houses
- Symposium: men drink wine and play drinking games
- Panathenaea: lesser and greater versions, competition of music, poetry, military and athletics, celebrates Athens' achievements under Athena's rule
- Great/City Dionysia: festival for Dionysus, competitions of tragedies, comedies and satyr plays
- Anthesteria: worship of Hermes and the dead, plus Dionysus and new wine, sacred marriage to him
- Brauron: important Artemis initiation for girls, “playing the bear”, connects young girls to being animal-like before leaving that behind to transition into womanhood
- Artemis Orthia: initiation of boys into Spartan fighters/men, whipped to give the statue of Artemis blood
Places:
- Eleusis: where Demeter ends up and is taken in by the royalty, unsuccessfully tries making the prince a god
- Parthenon: temple for Athena in Athens
- Acropolis: in Athens, a sacred place of worship
- Athens: Athena overlooks it, lots of practical intelligence in army and craftsmanship, people are said to be earth born
- Delos: island that allowed Leto to give birth on after she promised it would be Apollo's favorite
- Delphi: where Apollo sets up his sanctuary for oracles and prophecies
- Telphousa: tricks Apollo into going to an island where a "she dragon", pytho, is, whom Apollo slays as trickery
- Python: where the she dragon and Typhon are that Apollo slays
Objects of importance:
- Lettuce: related to Adonis' death, sexual impotence
- Peplos: woven garment dedicated to Athena at every Panathenaea
- Cattle of Apollo: Stolen by Hermes the day he was born
- Tortoise-shell lyre: created by Hermes and gifted to Apollo
- Omphalos: “navel” or “center”, used to describe Delphi as the center of the world
- Thyrsus: staff of ivy with pinecone on top
- Polias: Athena's ancient and holy cult statue, an olive log said to have fallen from the sky
Events:
- Judgement of Paris: Paris had to decide which goddess the most beautiful, they included Hera, Aphrodite
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