GI System and Accessory Organs Quiz

Enzymes that break down proteins into peptides and amino acids.

Breaks down starches into simpler sugars.

Breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids.

Stores and concentrates bile for later release into the small intestine.

Partially digested food from the stomach, that enters the small intestine.

First part of small intestine where chyme mixes with digestive enzymes and bile.

Controls the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile into the duodenum.

Hormone that slows stomach emptying and relaxes the sphincter of Oddi to allow bile flow.

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones that block bile flow.

Right upper quadrant pain radiating to the right shoulder, often after eating.

Inflammation of the pancreas, often due to alcohol abuse.

Chronic liver disease causing scarring.

Severe liver damage, 90% or more of liver cells damaged.

Liver damage caused by excessive acetaminophen (Tylenol).

Increased blood pressure in the portal vein, leading to complications.

Fluid buildup in the abdomen, often part of liver disease (cirrhosis).

Development of breast tissue in males, linked to liver disorders.

Nasogastric tube used to decompress the stomach.

Increasing respiratory rate to blow off CO2, reducing cerebral artery dilation and intracranial pressure. Short-term solution, limits blood flow.

Imaging to assess brain structure without contrast dye. Used to monitor for swelling and expansion in patients with increased intracranial pressure.

Multiple CT scans are performed over time to track changes in brain swelling and expansion in cases of elevated intracranial pressure.

CT angiography, imaging the blood vessels in the brain to look for any blockages or abnormalities contributing to increased intracranial pressure.

About the diameter of a human finger.

Cerebrospinal fluid cushions the spinal cord within the bony vertebrae.

Nerve fibers carrying sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the brain for interpretation.

Nerve fibers carrying motor commands from the brain to muscles for movement, originating in the precentral gyrus.

Results in spastic paralysis where reflexes function but lack higher brain control.

A network of neurons in the GI tract that controls digestion.

Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses during stress.

Controls the body's 'rest and digest' functions.

Causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and pupil dilation.

Increases heart rate, contractility, and renin release.

Causes vasodilation, bronchodilation, and glycogen breakdown.

Norepinephrine primarily stimulates alpha 1, beta 1, and beta 2 receptors, while epinephrine strongly stimulates all four receptor types.

The subjective experience of perceiving something, like a blue triangle or a red square. It also includes the ability to follow commands.

The overall state of alertness or wakefulness. It's indicated by things like opening your eyes.

Changes in the physical structure of the brain, such as tumors, injuries, or infections. These can affect consciousness.

Changes in the chemical environment of the brain, such as imbalances in electrolytes or blood sugar.

People who are physiologically awake but appear unconscious. This is often caused by psychiatric disorders like catatonia.

Hormones that initiate a cellular response by binding to receptors on the cell surface or inside the cell.

Hormones that dissolve in the bloodstream and bind to receptors on the cell membrane.

Hormones that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell.

The control center of the endocrine system, linking the nervous and endocrine systems and regulating many bodily functions.

The 'master gland', attached to the hypothalamus, that releases hormones that control other endocrine glands.

The liver produces bile, which helps digest fats in the small intestine. It also metabolizes nutrients absorbed from the small intestine, preparing them for use by the body.

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, such as amylase, lipase, and protease, into the small intestine to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Deamination removes amino groups from amino acids, while transamination transfers amino groups to other molecules. These processes are integral to protein metabolism and the production of energy.

The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine directly to the liver for processing before it enters the general circulation.

Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages found in the liver, acting as the liver's immune system to help clear out bacteria, toxins, and debris.

The primary cells of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information.

Supporting cells in the nervous system that provide structure, nutrition, and protection to neurons.

Extensions of the cell body that carry impulses towards the cell body, translating chemical messages into electrical events.

Long conductive projections from cell bodies that carry impulses away from the cell body. Electrical messages are transmitted from dendrite to cell body to axon hillock, where an action potential originates.

Enzymes that break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.

Partially digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.

The spinal cord is approximately the diameter of a human finger.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the spinal cord, cushioning it from the bony vertebrae.

Damage to lower motor neurons innervating a muscle results in flaccid paralysis of that muscle.

The hypothalamus is the control center of the endocrine system, linking the nervous and endocrine systems and regulating many bodily functions, including temperature, appetite, sleep-wake cycles, and stress response.

The key features of Alzheimer's disease are the presence of beta-amyloid plaques outside neurons, and tau-protein tangles inside neurons, both leading to neuron death and brain atrophy.

Alzheimer's causes damage to brain areas responsible for memory and thinking, such as the cortex and hippocampus, leading to shrinkage of these regions and enlargement of fluid-filled spaces (ventricles).

Parkinson's results from the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a brain area involved in smooth movement control. This leads to the loss of dopamine, a neurotransmitter necessary for coordinated movements.

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and damages the protective myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS).

An autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system (PNS) causing inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath of nerves. It often follows a viral or bacterial infection.

An autoimmune disease that weakens muscles by targeting acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, preventing proper nerve impulses from reaching muscles.

Positive symptoms in schizophrenia, like psychosis and catatonia, are linked to increased dopamine release in brain areas like the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia, like blunted affect, are associated with reduced dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, an area involved in emotions and thoughts.

Damage to one side of the brain typically affects the opposite side of the body. This is because nerve pathways cross over in the brain.

Brain injuries can lead to secondary damage, such as swelling and increased pressure inside the skull (increased intracranial pressure, ICP), further damaging brain tissue.