GI Physiology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which component is NOT involved in the regulation of gastric acid secretion?

  • Gastrin
  • Insulin (correct)
  • Vagal nerve
  • Histamine

Which nutrient is primarily absorbed in the jejunum?

  • Fatty acids
  • Amino acids (correct)
  • Simple sugars
  • Monosaccharides

What is the primary function of bile salts during digestion?

  • Emulsification of fats (correct)
  • Absorption of vitamins
  • Emulsification of proteins
  • Digestion of carbohydrates

Which factor is NOT a function of the liver?

<p>Production of red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport mechanism is used for the absorption of amino acids in the intestine?

<p>Active transport via H+:AA counter-transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following electrolytes is primarily absorbed in the colon?

<p>Sodium (Na+) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism does NOT play a role in fluid and electrolyte absorption in the intestines?

<p>Active transport of calcium ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main metabolic function of the liver regarding lipoproteins?

<p>Regulation of lipoprotein transport in the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component has the least influence on stimulating gastric acid secretion?

<p>Cholecystokinin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During lipid digestion, which of the following statements is accurate regarding fatty acids?

<p>They require bile salts for micelle formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily triggers the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach?

<p>Stimulation of the vagus nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding nutrient absorption does NOT accurately describe the process?

<p>Only glucose is absorbed through diffusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of increased NADH in alcoholic liver disease?

<p>Suppression of fatty acid oxidation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition best describes hepato-renal syndrome?

<p>Renal dysfunction arising from liver disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the 'Overfill Theory' related to fluid retention?

<p>Increased cardio output leading to arterial volume expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gallstone is primarily formed from cholesterol?

<p>Cholesterol stones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CYP2E1 enzyme in alcoholic liver disease?

<p>Metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of chronic liver disease, what is a consequence of hypoalbuminemia?

<p>Decreased oncotic pressure leading to edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adequately describes pigment gallstones?

<p>Formed primarily from calcium and conjugated bilirubin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishing feature is specific to Crohn’s disease compared to Ulcerative colitis?

<p>Granuloma formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is associated with the development of colon cancer?

<p>Genetic predisposition such as familial polyposis coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about liver disease is incorrect?

<p>Viral hepatitis only occurs due to parasitic infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of liver disease, which laboratory test result indicates chronic injury?

<p>Decreased albumin levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom overlapping between Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis?

<p>Severe diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reliable indicator of malignancy within the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Increased cancer rates in familial polyposis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intestinal neoplasm is most frequently encountered?

<p>Adenomas and carcinomas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing pathological feature of Ulcerative colitis that is not present in Crohn’s disease?

<p>Focal inflammation limited to the colon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of alcohol dehydrogenase in alcoholic liver disease?

<p>It catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological consequence is associated with increased levels of NADH in alcoholic liver disease?

<p>Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects a characteristic of hepato-renal syndrome?

<p>It involves renal dysfunction as a result of liver disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism describes the 'Underfill Theory' in relation to fluid retention in liver disease?

<p>Decreased venous return leads to renal sodium and water retention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily associated with increased afferent renal vascular resistance due to liver disease?

<p>Hepato-renal syndrome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the formation of pigment gallstones?

<p>Elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In alcoholic liver disease, what is the most significant effect of decreased glutathione?

<p>Increased risk of liver fibrosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key pathological difference between Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis?

<p>Presence of granulomas in Crohn's disease (A), Continuous distribution in Ulcerative Colitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about intestinal neoplasms is true?

<p>Colon is the most frequently affected organ by intestinal neoplasms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incidence range of Crohn's disease in the United States?

<p>70 to 150 per 100,000 persons per year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which liver disease is characterized by iron overload?

<p>Hemochromatosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carcinoma is associated with metaplasia in gastric tissues?

<p>Adenocarcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of bile acids?

<p>They emulsify fats for improved digestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of p53 in esophageal malignancies?

<p>It is a tumor suppressor gene frequently mutated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the incidence of Ulcerative Colitis compare to Crohn's disease?

<p>Lower incidence at 20 to 40 per 100,000 persons per year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gastric Acid Secretion

The process of producing hydrochloric acid in the stomach, vital for digestion.

Vagal Nerve

A nerve that stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Gastrin

A hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Histamine

A substance that stimulates gastric acid secretion.

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Small Intestine Absorption

Process of nutrient and electrolyte absorption in the small intestine.

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Na+ absorption

Sodium absorption is critical for fluid & nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

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Nutrient Digestion & Absorption

The process of breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

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SGLT-1

A transporter protein for glucose absorption in the small intestine.

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Fatty Acid Digestion

The breakdown of fats into smaller components for absorption.

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Liver Function

The liver's role in nutrient metabolism, toxin removal, and bile production.

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Pancreatic Function

The pancreas aids in digestion through enzyme secretion.

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Obesity

A condition characterized by excessive body fat.

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Caloric Intake

The amount of energy consumed through food and drinks.

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Caloric Expenditure

The amount of energy used by the body for activities and maintenance.

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Gastric Acid Secretion Regulation

The control of stomach acid production, crucial for digestion.

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Fluid Transport in Digestion

Process by which fluids travel through the digestive tract, key for nutrient absorption.

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Small Intestine Absorption

Nutrient and electrolyte absorption in the small intestines, part by Na+.

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Sodium Absorption

Key role in nutrient and water absorption in the digestive tract.

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Nutrient Digestion & Absorption

Breaking down food and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.

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Glucose Absorption (SGLT-1)

Glucose transporter protein in the small intestine, vital for glucose uptake.

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Fat Digestion and Absorption

Breaking down fats (via emulsification) and absorption using micelles .

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Liver Function

Metabolizes nutrients, removes toxins, makes bile (for fat absorption).

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Pancreatic Function in Digestion

Pancreas produces enzymes to help break down food.

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Obesity

Excessive body fat, linked to several health problems.

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Caloric Imbalance

When caloric intake exceeds or falls short of energy expenditure.

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Esophageal Reflux

Stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus, often causing heartburn.

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Esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus, potentially caused by acid reflux, infections, or toxins.

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Achalasia

A motility disorder affecting the esophagus, making it hard to move food down.

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Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach lining.

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Peptic Ulcer Disease

Sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often due to H. pylori infection.

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H. pylori

A bacteria linked to peptic ulcers.

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Crohn's Disease

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the digestive tract.

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Ulcerative Colitis

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting only the colon.

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Malabsorption

Inability of the intestines to absorb nutrients effectively.

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Celiac Disease

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy, resulting in damage to the small intestine.

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Colon Cancer

Cancer of the large intestine.

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Intestinal Polyps

Benign growths in the intestinal lining.

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Familial Polyposis Coli

Genetic disorder causing numerous polyps in the colon.

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Alcoholic Liver Disease

Liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption

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Chronic Liver Disease

Long-term liver damage from various causes.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Liver damage from fat buildup, not alcohol-related

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Liver Failure

Severe liver damage, impairing liver function

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Portal Hypertension

High blood pressure in the portal vein

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Ascites

Fluid buildup in the abdomen

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Varices

Swollen veins, often in the esophagus

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Encephalopathy

Brain damage due to liver failure

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Hepato-renal syndrome

Kidney failure caused by liver disease

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Coagulopathy

Blood clotting disorder linked to liver problems

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Gallstones

Solid deposits in the gallbladder

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Acute Pancreatitis

Sudden inflammation of the pancreas

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Chronic Pancreatitis

Long-term inflammation of the pancreas

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Pseudocysts

Fluid-filled sacs around the pancreas

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Esophageal Reflux

Stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus, often causing heartburn.

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Esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus, potentially caused by acid reflux, infections, or toxins.

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Achalasia

A motility disorder affecting the esophagus, making it hard to move food down.

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Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach lining.

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Peptic Ulcer Disease

Sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often due to H. pylori infection.

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H. pylori

A bacteria linked to peptic ulcers.

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Crohn's Disease

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the digestive tract.

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Ulcerative Colitis

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting only the colon.

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Malabsorption

Inability of the intestines to absorb nutrients effectively.

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Celiac Disease

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy, resulting in damage to the small intestine.

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Colon Cancer

Cancer of the large intestine.

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Intestinal Polyps

Benign growths in the intestinal lining.

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Familial Polyposis Coli

Genetic disorder causing numerous polyps in the colon.

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Liver Diseases

A wide range of disorders affecting the liver, from infections to hereditary conditions.

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Viral Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses.

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Colon Cancer

Cancer originating in the colon.

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Liver Function

The liver's role in nutrient metabolism, detoxification, and bile production

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Alcoholic Liver Disease

Liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

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Chronic Liver Disease

Long-term liver damage from various causes, not just alcohol.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Liver damage from fat buildup, unrelated to alcohol.

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Liver Failure

Severe liver damage, impairing liver function.

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Portal Hypertension

High blood pressure in the portal vein.

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Ascites

Fluid buildup in the abdomen.

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Varices

Swollen veins, often in the esophagus.

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Encephalopathy

Brain damage due to liver failure.

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Hepato-renal syndrome

Kidney failure caused by liver disease.

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Coagulopathy

Blood clotting disorder linked to liver problems.

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Gallstones

Solid deposits in the gallbladder.

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Acute Pancreatitis

Sudden inflammation of the pancreas.

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Chronic Pancreatitis

Long-term inflammation of the pancreas.

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Pseudocysts

Fluid-filled sacs surrounding the pancreas.

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Study Notes

GI Physiology

  • The digestive system comprises organs that process food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste.

  • Structures include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal), and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

  • The GI tract's wall is composed of four layers (serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa).

Stomach

  • The stomach's mucosa forms folds called rugae.

  • It contains a region called the fundus, body (corpus), and antrum.

  • Muscle layers include longitudinal, circular, and oblique.

Gastric Acid Secretion

  • Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, crucial for digestion.

  • Acid secretion is regulated by a complex interplay of nerves, hormones (e.g., gastrin, histamine), and other factors.

  • Parietal cells play a key role in producing and secreting H+.

Fluid and Electrolyte Absorption

  • Fluid and electrolytes are absorbed throughout different segments of the small intestine.

  • The duodenum, jejunum, and terminal ileum show differing mechanisms.

Nutrient Digestion and Absorption

  • Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth.

  • Protein and fat digestion continue in the small intestine.

  • Different enzymes and factors aid absorption as nutrients move to the blood.

Liver Function

  • The liver is pivotal for nutrient metabolism.

  • It synthesizes proteins (albumin) and hormones.

  • The liver detoxifies substances and produces bile.

Pancreatic Function

  • The pancreas assists digestion by releasing enzymes into the digestive tract.

  • Islets of Langerhans secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon.

  • Bicarbonate neutralizes acidity to support enzyme function.

Obesity

  • Obesity is characterized by an energy imbalance where caloric intake exceeds expenditure.

  • Hormones like leptin and ghrelin, among others, influence appetite and metabolism, impacting weight regulation.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of gastrointestinal physiology, including the structure and function of the digestive system, the anatomy of the stomach, gastric acid secretion mechanisms, and the processes of fluid and electrolyte absorption. Test your knowledge on the key organs and processes involved in digestion and nutrient absorption.

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