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Questions and Answers
What kind of drugs are useful for the treatment of a peptic ulcer?
What kind of drugs are useful for the treatment of a peptic ulcer?
The ______ in the parietal cell is the H-K ATPase enzyme system on the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cells.
The ______ in the parietal cell is the H-K ATPase enzyme system on the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cells.
pump
Which of the following are common over-the-counter antacids?
Which of the following are common over-the-counter antacids?
Which of the following are considered newer agents for treating peptic ulcers?
Which of the following are considered newer agents for treating peptic ulcers?
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Sucralfate is used to protect the eroded ulcer sites in the GIT from further damage by acid and digestive enzymes.
Sucralfate is used to protect the eroded ulcer sites in the GIT from further damage by acid and digestive enzymes.
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Misoprostol?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Misoprostol?
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What is the primary target of action for laxatives?
What is the primary target of action for laxatives?
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What type of laxative is Lactulose considered?
What type of laxative is Lactulose considered?
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What is the primary action of Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)?
What is the primary action of Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)?
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What is the target of action for anti-diarrheal agents?
What is the target of action for anti-diarrheal agents?
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What is the common antidote used for heparin?
What is the common antidote used for heparin?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical indication for the use of heparin?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical indication for the use of heparin?
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Warfarin is a large protein molecule that cannot pass through the placenta easily.
Warfarin is a large protein molecule that cannot pass through the placenta easily.
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What is the gold standard for monitoring the effectiveness of warfarin therapy?
What is the gold standard for monitoring the effectiveness of warfarin therapy?
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Anti-platelet agents like aspirin work by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets, thus preventing the formation of a platelet plug.
Anti-platelet agents like aspirin work by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets, thus preventing the formation of a platelet plug.
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical indication for the use of thrombolytics?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical indication for the use of thrombolytics?
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Which of the following agents is a fibrin stabilizer that helps maintain the clot in bleeding vessels?
Which of the following agents is a fibrin stabilizer that helps maintain the clot in bleeding vessels?
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Statins work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG CoA reductase, which plays a key role in cholesterol synthesis.
Statins work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG CoA reductase, which plays a key role in cholesterol synthesis.
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What is the primary function of Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?
What is the primary function of Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?
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What is the common antidote used for warfarin toxicity?
What is the common antidote used for warfarin toxicity?
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Study Notes
GI Pharmacology Midterm
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Lecture Outline:
- Review GI anatomy and physiology
- Review GI drug categories:
- Drugs affecting GI secretions
- Laxatives
- Anti-diarrheals
- Emetics and anti-emetics
GI Drug Categories
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Drugs affecting GI secretions:
- Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists/blockers (e.g., cimetidine)
- Antacids (e.g., aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide)
- Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole)
- Mucosal protectants (e.g., sucralfate)
- Prostaglandin analogs (e.g., misoprostol)
- Indications: peptic ulcer, gastritis, stress ulcers -Administration times: varies depending on the specific medication
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Laxatives:
- Chemical stimulants (irritants): bisacodyl, castor oil, senna
- Mechanical stimulants (hyperosmotic agents): lactulose, magnesium salts
- Lubricants/stool softeners: docusate
- Clinical indications: short-term relief of constipation, bowel preparation, removal of toxins
- Side effects: diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea
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Anti-diarrheals:
- Local anti-motility agents: loperamide, diphenoxylate
- Opioid-derived agents: codeine
- Other anti-diarrheal agents: bismuth subsalicylate, other medications
- Indications: symptomatic relief of acute and chronic diarrhea
- Side effects: constipation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention
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Emetics and anti-emetics:
- Emetics — Syrup of ipecac: induces vomiting
- Anti-emetics:
- Phenothiazines: prochlorperazine
- Non-phenothiazines: metoclopramide
- Anticholinergics/Antihistamines: meclizine
- Serotonin receptor blockers (e.g., ondansetron): for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
- Miscellaneous: dronabinol, hydroxyzine.
- Indications: prevent or manage nausea and vomiting
- Side effects: vary widely
H2 Blockers
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Mechanism: Block histamine receptors in parietal cells, decreasing gastric acid secretion.
- Side effects: CNS effects (dizziness, headache), GI effects (diarrhea, constipation) ,Cardiovascular abnormalities (hypotension), gynecomastia and impotence.
- Nursing considerations: Administer with meals or at bedtime to ensure therapeutic levels, Monitor for cardiovascular status, warn against taking with other medications that could increase concentration.
Proton Pump Inhibitors
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Mechanism: Inhibit the proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) in parietal cells, suppressing gastric acid secretion.
- Side effects: usually mild and transient, but can include CNS effects (dizziness, headache), and GI effects (diarrhea, nausea) and abdominal pain
- Nursing considerations: Administer before meals (to maximize effectiveness) ,Assess for allergies, Monitor for side effects, especially severe or prolonged effects
Mucosal Protectants (e.g., sucralfate)
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Mechanism: Forms a protective barrier over the gastric mucosa, thus protecting it.
- Side effects :can be mild or severe: constipation, nausea, indigestion, gastric discomfort and dry mouth.
- Nursing considerations:Administer on an empty stomach or 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals, and at bedtime, Monitor for side effects (constipation, GI upset), Encourage fluid and fiber intake
Prostaglandin Analogs (e.g., misoprostol)
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Mechanism:Stimulates prostaglandin receptors, increasing mucus secretion and protecting the gastric mucosa.
- Side effects: mainly GI (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain), potentially also menstrual irregularities. -Nursing considerations: Contraindicated in pregnancy due to abortifacient effects, Patients should use reliable contraception methods, Monitor for side effects, especially any serious or prolonged effects
Antacids
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Mechanism: Neutralize gastric acid.
- Side effects: constipation (aluminum-containing antacids), diarrhea (magnesium containing antacids); metabolic alkalosis (sodium bicarbonate).
- Nursing considerations: Administer antacids separately from other medications; teach patients to chew tablets thoroughly and to take with a full glass of water. Monitor for acid-base and electrolyte imbalances.
Diuretics
- Definition: Drugs that increase urine production.
- Mechanism: Act on various parts of the nephron, inhibit reabsorption of sodium and other electrolytes, causing water excretion.
- Types: Thiazide, loop, potassium-sparing, osmotic, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Anticoagulants
- Mechanism: Inhibit blood clotting process.
- Types: Heparin, Warfarin, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH).
- Mechanism of action: Interfere with different stages of coagulation cascade; thus, either prevent clots from forming or help to dissolve them.
Antiplatelets
- Mechanism: Prevent platelets from sticking together.
- Types: Aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole.
- Mechanism of action: Inhibit platelet aggregation/adhesion, reducing the formation and size of blood clots
Thrombolytics
- Mechanism: Dissolve pre-existing blood clots.
- Types: Streptokinase, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activators (t-PAs).
- Mechanism of action: Convert plasminogen to plasmin, which breaks down the fibrin components of blood clots
Other Important Drug Categories (from the notes)
- Anti-emetics (treating nausea and vomiting)
- Anti-anemics/hematinics (treating anemia)
- Anti-hyperlipidemics (treating high cholesterol)
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Description
Prepare for your GI Pharmacology midterm with this comprehensive quiz. It covers key topics such as GI anatomy, drug categories including secretagogues, laxatives, and anti-emetics. Test your knowledge on medication classes and their clinical applications.
