GGS 101 Final Exam: US and Canada Geography
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the areas where 50% of Canadians reside?

  • Urban fringes
  • Suburbs (correct)
  • Rural areas
  • Core cities

    • What is the primary economic sector in many Middle Eastern countries?

  • Agriculture
  • Tourism
  • Oil and gas (correct)
  • Manufacturing

    • What is the name of Saudi Arabia's economic development plan aimed at reducing oil dependence by 2030?

  • Economic Diversification Plan
  • Saudi Arabia 2030
  • Vision 2020
  • Saudi Vision 2030 (correct)

    • What is the term used to describe a piece of territory that is completely surrounded by another country's territory?

    <p>Enclave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the system used in some Middle Eastern countries to regulate the employment of migrant workers?

    <p>Kafala System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure in Mecca that is involved in one of the five pillars of Islam?

    <p>The Kaaba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nakba' mean?

    <p>A day of mourning for Palestinians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Balfour Declaration?

    <p>A declaration of support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa?

    <p>To promote economic growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that led to the displacement of Palestinians during the establishment of the State of Israel?

    <p>Nakba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'Zionism'?

    <p>A movement supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region that is prorupt, or sticking out, in southwestern Africa?

    <p>Namibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the intense competition among European powers to colonize and control African territories during the late 19th century?

    <p>Scramble for Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mountain range formed as a result of the convergence of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates?

    <p>The Himalayas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a large, densely populated urban area that serves as a hub for economic and cultural activity?

    <p>Megacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries in South America does not speak a Latin-derived language?

    <p>Suriname</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the region of high volcanic and earthquake activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>The Ring of Fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organization that aims to stabilize oil prices by controlling oil production?

    <p>OPEC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the persecution of the Uyghur population in China?

    <p>Cultural genocide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nine-dash line on a map in the South China Sea?

    <p>It represents China's claimed territory in the South China Sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a society that relies heavily on irrigation and water management?

    <p>Hydraulic society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the religious affiliation most associated with Tibet?

    <p>Buddhism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country ruled Hong Kong until 1997?

    <p>United Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of adapting to the impacts of climate change?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two areas within contemporary Israel/Palestine that remained occupied by Palestinians after Israel consolidated into a state?

    <p>Gaza and the West Bank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Israel occupy in 1967 that was outside its borders?

    <p>The West Bank and the Golan Heights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Hamas come to political power in Gaza?

    <p>2007</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nakba' mean?

    <p>The catastrophe of Palestinian displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly referred to as 'Land Grabbing' in Africa?

    <p>The acquisition of land by foreign governments for agricultural purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Africa often referred to as the 'Plateau continent'?

    <p>Due to its high average elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geographic feature of the Maghreb region?

    <p>Desert terrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of ECOWAS in Africa?

    <p>To promote economic integration and cooperation among member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Ring of Fire?

    <p>Volcanic and earthquake activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that differentiates the three main subregions of Asia?

    <p>Geography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the economic development plan aimed at reducing oil dependence in Venezuela?

    <p>No specific plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest?

    <p>Agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has Essequibo as a disputed territory?

    <p>Venezuela</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an economy based on extracting natural resources?

    <p>Primary economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of water on climate?

    <p>It moderates temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of remote sensing?

    <p>To study the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the country that is divided into a mainland and an island?

    <p>Taiwan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the adaptation of a population to a new environment?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the persecution of the Rohingya population?

    <p>Cultural genocide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions in Canada is home to 50% of the country's population?

    <p>The Southern Ontario Corridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between First Peoples and Native Americans?

    <p>Geographic location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the main colonizers of Canada?

    <p>French and British</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of desalination in arid regions?

    <p>To produce freshwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main economic sector in many Middle Eastern countries?

    <p>Oil and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Kaaba in Islam?

    <p>It is the direction of prayer for Muslims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the 3 Prairie Provinces and the 4 Maritime Provinces?

    <p>Location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the architecture style known for in Ghadamès, Libya?

    <p>Troglodyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of desalination in arid regions?

    <p>Removal of salt and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that drives the growth of suburbs in Canada?

    <p>Affordability of transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two areas within contemporary Israel/Palestine that remained occupied by Palestinians after Israel consolidated into a state?

    <p>Gaza and the West Bank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary economic sector in many Middle Eastern countries?

    <p>Oil and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Israel occupy in 1967 that was outside its borders?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high fertility rates in Africa?

    <p>Lack of access to education and family planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of adapting to the impacts of climate change?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region that is prorupt, or sticking out, in southwestern Africa?

    <p>Namibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone?

    <p>Karst Topography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is Hong Kong a part of?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a society that relies heavily on irrigation and water management?

    <p>Hydraulic Society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the dispute over Essequibo?

    <p>Border demarcation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region associated with the Uyghur population?

    <p>Xinjiang</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the Himalayas' formation?

    <p>Convergence of tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ECOWAS in Africa?

    <p>To promote economic development and cooperation among West African states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the intense competition among European powers to colonize and control African territories during the late 19th century?

    <p>Scramble for Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a megacity?

    <p>A city with a population of over 10 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the region of high volcanic and earthquake activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>The Ring of Fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of deforestation in the Amazon region?

    <p>Clearing for agricultural land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nickname for the countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore due to their rapid economic growth?

    <p>Asian Tigers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a state made up of a group of islands?

    <p>Archipelago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the region in South America characterized by high altitude and plateau-like terrain?

    <p>Altiplano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a large, densely populated urban area that serves as a hub for economic and cultural activity?

    <p>Megacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between First Peoples and Native Americans?

    <p>Geographical location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries had control over the Essequibo region at some point in its history?

    <p>Spain, Gran Colombia, and Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which province was given the highest degree of autonomy in Canada?

    <p>Quebec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the formation of Karst Topography?

    <p>Erosion of limestone rocks by acidic water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between guano and US expansion across the Pacific?

    <p>Guano was used as a means of establishing control over Pacific islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a society that relies heavily on irrigation and water management?

    <p>Hydraulic Society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030?

    <p>To reduce oil dependence and diversify the economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of adapting to the impacts of climate change?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the system of regulating the employment of migrant workers in some Middle Eastern countries?

    <p>Kafala System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nine-dash line on a map in the South China Sea?

    <p>It is a disputed maritime boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the forced removal of Palestinians from their homeland during the establishment of the State of Israel?

    <p>Nakba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high fertility rates in Africa?

    <p>Religious and cultural beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of foreign entities acquiring large areas of land in Africa, often for agricultural or natural resource extraction purposes?

    <p>Land Grabbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the document that expressed the British government's support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine?

    <p>The Balfour Declaration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that was formerly practiced in South Africa?

    <p>Apartheid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karst Topography is formed through volcanic activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary economic sector in many Middle Eastern countries is agriculture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hong Kong is a part of China.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ROC formed due to the Chinese Civil War.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tibet is located in eastern China.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nine-dash line represents the territorial claims of China in the South China Sea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Uyghur population is primarily located in eastern China.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural genocide is a term used to describe the persecution of the Rohingya population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of remote sensing is to study the climate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essequibo is a disputed territory between Guyana and Brazil.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Essequibo is a disputed territory between Guyana and Venezuela.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karst Topography is formed through the erosion of rocks by wind and water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nine-dash line represents the territorial claims of China in the South China Sea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ROC formed due to the Chinese Civil War.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taiwan is a province of China.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Uyghur population is primarily located in Tibet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Rohingya are primarily located in Tibet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tibet is located in the eastern part of China.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hydraulic Society is a type of economy based on irrigation and water management.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    US and Canada

    • Prairie Provinces: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba
    • Maritime Provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador
    • Territories: Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut
    • First Peoples are Indigenous to Canada, while Native Americans are Indigenous to the US, reflecting regional distinctions.
    • Main colonizers of Canada included France and Great Britain.
    • Canada was founded in 1867.
    • Canada became British through the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
    • Quebec was granted the highest degree of autonomy.
    • Acadian refers to the descendants of French colonists in the Maritime provinces.
    • Approximately 50% of Canadians live in urban areas, mostly near the US border.
    • Factors leading to suburb growth include affordable housing and urban sprawl.
    • Five permanently inhabited territories of the US: Alaska, Guam, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, American Samoa.
    • Guano trade was pivotal for US expansion in the Pacific, providing fertilizer and military bases.

    Southwest Asia

    • Fertile Crescent encompasses the region from modern Turkey, through Syria and Iraq to Egypt, significant for early agriculture and civilization.
    • Periphery regions are less economically developed; semi-periphery regions serve as a transition between core and periphery.
    • Enclave: Landlocked territory surrounded by foreign territory. Exclave: Portion of territory geographically separated from the main part.
    • Musandam, Madha, and Nahwa are territories of Oman.
    • Aridity adaptations in architecture include thick walls and high ceilings; culturally, practices such as nomadism may emerge in dry areas.
    • Ghadamès, Libya, is renowned for its unique underground architecture designed to combat extreme temperatures.

    Economics & Society in Southwest Asia

    • Desalinization is a key process for obtaining freshwater in arid regions.
    • Oil dominates the economic sector in many Middle Eastern countries.
    • Countries are diversifying by investing in technology and tourism.
    • Kafala System is a sponsorship system regulating migrant workers in Gulf countries.
    • Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 aims to diversify the economy beyond oil dependency.
    • The Houthis are located in Yemen, involved in regional conflicts affecting shipping in the Red Sea.
    • Sunni and Shia are the two major branches of Islam, differing primarily in leadership perspectives after the Prophet Muhammad's death.
    • The Five Pillars of Islam outline essential acts of worship fundamental to the faith.
    • The Kaaba, located in Mecca, symbolizes the oneness of God and is a focal point of pilgrimage (Hajj).

    Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

    • Palestinian areas occupied post-partition: West Bank and Gaza.
    • Regions occupied by Israel in 1967 outside its borders include the Golan Heights and the West Bank.
    • Hamas gained political power in Gaza in 2007.
    • Zionism advocates for the Jewish national revival in the land of Israel.
    • The Balfour Declaration supported establishing a Jewish home in Palestine while safeguarding non-Jewish rights.
    • Nakba refers to the 1948 displacement of Palestinians during the establishment of Israel.
    • Israeli settlements on occupied territories are viewed as illegal under international law.

    Africa

    • Limnic eruption is a sudden release of gas from a lake, currently addressed by building gas extraction systems.
    • Subregions of Africa include North Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa.
    • Thicket ecosystems are dense, while savannas are open grasslands; trees adapt through deep roots and drought-resistant features.
    • Major deserts: Sahara (North Africa), Namib (Southern Africa), Kalahari (Southern Africa).
    • Africa's high fertility rates are attributed to cultural traditions and socio-economic factors.
    • Apartheid was a policy of systemic racial segregation in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s.
    • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) typically aims for resource extraction, while land grabbing can involve agricultural development by foreign entities.
    • Namibia is prorupt due to its unique territorial extension, called a proruption.
    • Liberia was founded by freed American slaves.
    • Somaliland sought independence from Somalia, whose colonial rulers included Britain and Italy.
    • Native people of Western Sahara are the Sahrawis.
    • The Abraham Accords are normalization agreements between Israel and several Arab states, with Morocco participating for economic benefits.

    Asia

    • Main subregions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia; differentiated by culture, language, and political systems.
    • The Ring of Fire is an area of high seismic activity around the Pacific, with many tectonic plate boundaries.
    • Himalayas formed by tectonic convergence.
    • Monsoon refers to seasonal winds with significant rainfall; essential for Asian agriculture.
    • Megacities have populations exceeding 10 million, while gateway cities serve as major entry points for trade.
    • Pacific Rim is a global trading region, facilitating a significant amount of international commerce.
    • Asian Tigers: Economically advanced regions of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan, noted for rapid growth.

    Latin America

    • Lesser Antilles are smaller islands; Greater Antilles are larger land masses in the Caribbean.
    • Rimland nations are coastal, while mainland countries are interior and may have different economic activities.
    • Santería blends African and Christian beliefs, forming a syncretic religion.
    • Bolivia and Paraguay are South American countries without Latin-derived languages.
    • Maya, Aztec, and Incan empires were located in present-day Mexico and Peru; the Maya is the oldest.
    • Atacama Desert nicknames include "Driest Place on Earth."
    • Altiplano refers to high plateaus in the Andes, primarily in Bolivia, influencing agriculture through unique crop adaptations.
    • Approximately 30 million people inhabit the Amazon; deforestation results from logging, agriculture, and mining, exacerbating forest fires due to dry conditions.
    • OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) influences global oil prices.
    • Venezuela’s oil crisis in the 2010s led to economic decline, shortages, and humanitarian issues.
    • Essequibo, located in Guyana, is desired by Venezuela due to historic claims and resource disputes, changing hands among several colonial powers historically.

    Miscellaneous Concepts

    • Deserts are prevalent due to climatic factors like rainfall patterns and temperature.
    • Remote sensing is used for environmental monitoring, land use change, and resource management.
    • Water significantly affects climate through circulation and moisture in the atmosphere.
    • Economic types: primary (extraction), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services).
    • Different plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) create diverse geographical features.
    • Global population estimates suggest around 8 billion people reside in approximately 195 countries.
    • Climate variation: interiors tend to be drier compared to edges due to prevailing winds and ocean proximity.
    • Population pyramids depict demographic transitions through developmental stages.

    Extra Credit

    • High islands have mountainous terrain and fertile soil; low islands are flat, often relying on fishing and agriculture.### Historical Changes of Essequibo
    • Essequibo has exchanged control among multiple nations, including Spain, Gran Colombia, Dutch, British, Guyana, and Venezuela.
    • Spanish colonization began in the 16th century before Dutch control in the 17th century.
    • The British gained possession of the area in the 18th century, officially establishing British Guiana.
    • Post-independence, Essequibo became part of Guyana, while Venezuela has a longstanding territorial claim based on historical treaties.

    Desert Locations and Characteristics

    • Deserts primarily form in areas of high pressure where dry air descends.
    • Rain shadows, created by mountain ranges, contribute to desert climates.

    Uses of Remote Sensing

    • Remote sensing techniques are employed for various applications like agriculture monitoring, disaster management, and urban planning.

    Impact of Water on Climate

    • Water bodies moderate temperatures, influencing regional climate patterns and precipitation.

    Economic Types

    • Economies are classified into primary (extraction of resources), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), and quaternary (knowledge-based services).

    Plate Boundaries and Their Features

    • Divergent boundaries create rift valleys and ocean basins, while convergent boundaries result in mountain ranges.
    • Transform boundaries typically lead to fault lines accentuated by seismic activity.

    Global Demographics

    • Approximately 195 countries exist worldwide.
    • The global population is over 7.9 billion and is projected to keep growing.

    Climate Variations

    • Coastal regions typically experience milder climates, while continental interiors endure more extreme temperatures.

    Population Pyramids

    • Population pyramids illustrate the demographic transition model, depicting growth stages from high birth and death rates to declining and stabilizing rates.

    High Islands vs. Low Islands

    • High islands, volcanic in origin, typically have more fertile land and diverse ecosystems.
    • Low islands, formed from coral reefs, often face challenges such as limited freshwater sources and less agricultural viability.

    Hydraulic Societies

    • Hydraulic societies are civilizations dependent on the management of water resources for agriculture and sustainability.

    Karst Topography

    • Formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks, Karst topography features caves, sinkholes, and underground streams.

    Outer China

    • Outer China refers to the western part of the country, including regions like Xinjiang and Tibet.

    Mitigation vs. Adaptation

    • Mitigation involves reducing climate change impact, while adaptation focuses on adjusting to its effects.

    Hong Kong

    • Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China, governed under "one country, two systems" since the end of British rule in 1997.

    Taiwan's Importance

    • Taiwan is significant to the US economy for its advanced technology sector and production capabilities.

    Nine-Dash Line

    • The nine-dash line delineates China’s claims over the South China Sea, leading to territorial disputes.

    Sovereignty in the South China Sea

    • China engages in extensive construction of artificial islands and military installations to assert control.

    Tibet and Religion

    • Tibet, located in the southwest of China, predominantly follows Tibetan Buddhism, led by spiritual leaders like the Dalai Lama.

    Uyghur and Rohingya Traits

    • The Uyghurs are a Turkic ethnic group located in Xinjiang; their treatment has raised concerns of cultural genocide.
    • The Rohingya, primarily residing in Myanmar, face systematic persecution and violence, driving refugee crises.

    Definitions

    • Animism: Belief that objects, places, and creatures possess spiritual essence.
    • Maghreb Region: Refers to the western part of North Africa, translating to "the land where the sun sets."

    Scramble for Africa

    • A late 19th-century period marked by European nations competing for control over African territories, resulting in colonialism's lasting impacts.

    Economic Adjustments in Africa

    • Initiatives like ECOWAS aim to promote economic stability and cooperation among West African nations post-colonialism.

    Asian Subregions

    • Asia’s three main subregions are East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, differentiated by culture, politics, and economy.

    Natural Features and Phenomena

    • The Ring of Fire is an area in the Pacific basin known for its high volcanic and seismic activity.
    • Monsoons are seasonal winds that significantly affect South Asian climate patterns.

    Urban and Regional Definitions

    • Megacities are urban areas with over 10 million inhabitants, while gateway cities serve as major entry points for global trade.

    Latin America Comparisons

    • The Lesser Antilles consist of smaller islands, while the Greater Antilles includes larger landmasses like Cuba and Hispaniola.

    Environmental Concerns in the Amazon

    • Deforestation in the Amazon is driven by agricultural expansion, logging, and infrastructure development, exacerbating forest fires.

    Venezuela's Oil Revenue Decline

    • The decline in oil output during the 2010s led to economic crises, shortages, and increased poverty levels.

    Essequibo Location and Dispute

    • Essequibo is situated in Guyana, with Venezuela's claim based on historical disputes, highlighting ongoing geopolitical tensions.

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