Podcast
Questions and Answers
The phrase "four score and seven" is an ______ to the Declaration of Independence.
The phrase "four score and seven" is an ______ to the Declaration of Independence.
allusion
Lincoln employs ______ language by opening the speech with the phrase 'four score and seven'.
Lincoln employs ______ language by opening the speech with the phrase 'four score and seven'.
archaic
Lincoln issues a ______ toward the end of his speech, urging his audience to act to carry out the mission of the Declaration of Independence.
Lincoln issues a ______ toward the end of his speech, urging his audience to act to carry out the mission of the Declaration of Independence.
call to action
Lincoln uses ______ in his second paragraph, starting with the negative element and ending with the positive to show that some died so that others could live.
Lincoln uses ______ in his second paragraph, starting with the negative element and ending with the positive to show that some died so that others could live.
By starting with a statement his entire audience perceives to be true, Lincoln borrows the authority of that assumed truth for the rest of his speech, generating ______.
By starting with a statement his entire audience perceives to be true, Lincoln borrows the authority of that assumed truth for the rest of his speech, generating ______.
Introducing a logical argument, Lincoln uses ______ to show that the nation was dedicated to a specific proposition.
Introducing a logical argument, Lincoln uses ______ to show that the nation was dedicated to a specific proposition.
By addressing emotionally charged topics, Lincoln's second paragraph applies ______, or an appeal to emotion.
By addressing emotionally charged topics, Lincoln's second paragraph applies ______, or an appeal to emotion.
Lincoln's first paragraph applies the rhetorical quality of ______, being timely or particularly appropriate for a specific audience and place.
Lincoln's first paragraph applies the rhetorical quality of ______, being timely or particularly appropriate for a specific audience and place.
When Lincoln calls a cemetery a final resting place he is using ______.
When Lincoln calls a cemetery a final resting place he is using ______.
Lincoln uses ______ when he speaks of the nation's fathers conceiving the nation, starting an extended biological representation.
Lincoln uses ______ when he speaks of the nation's fathers conceiving the nation, starting an extended biological representation.
By repeating 'we' several times in the second paragraph, Lincoln establishes a pattern of ______.
By repeating 'we' several times in the second paragraph, Lincoln establishes a pattern of ______.
In a time of civil war, Lincoln's repetition of 'we' emphasizes and creates shared national ______.
In a time of civil war, Lincoln's repetition of 'we' emphasizes and creates shared national ______.
The first portion of Lincoln's speech praises the dead, also known as ______.
The first portion of Lincoln's speech praises the dead, also known as ______.
The second portion of Lincoln's speech gives advice to the living, otherwise known as the ______
The second portion of Lincoln's speech gives advice to the living, otherwise known as the ______
The 'new birth of freedom' creates structural ______, blending imagistic unity with conceptual unity.
The 'new birth of freedom' creates structural ______, blending imagistic unity with conceptual unity.
The goal of Lincoln's call to action is to transform anyone who hears and agrees with his words into a larger generation of the nation's ______.
The goal of Lincoln's call to action is to transform anyone who hears and agrees with his words into a larger generation of the nation's ______.
Locating his speech in a specific place and time, Lincoln draws persuasive power from that particular ______.
Locating his speech in a specific place and time, Lincoln draws persuasive power from that particular ______.
Lincoln organizes his speech using the structure of the ______ funeral oration.
Lincoln organizes his speech using the structure of the ______ funeral oration.
Lincoln opens his speech with an allusion to the Declaration and closes it with an allusion to the ______.
Lincoln opens his speech with an allusion to the Declaration and closes it with an allusion to the ______.
He also opens with an allusion to the ______ and refers explicitly to God in his final sentence.
He also opens with an allusion to the ______ and refers explicitly to God in his final sentence.
Flashcards
Allusion
Allusion
A reference to another work, idea, or event.
Archaic Language
Archaic Language
Language that is old-fashioned or outdated.
Call to Action
Call to Action
An appeal to an audience to take action.
Ethos
Ethos
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Logos
Logos
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Pathos
Pathos
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Kairos
Kairos
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Euphemism
Euphemism
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Metaphor
Metaphor
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Anaphora
Anaphora
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Greek Funeral Oration
Greek Funeral Oration
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Contrast
Contrast
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Study Notes
- The speech alludes to the Declaration of Independence with the phrase "four score and seven", referencing the line "that all men are created equal".
- It opens with an allusion to the Declaration and closes with an allusion to the Constitution.
- The speech opens with an allusion to the Bible and makes a specific mention of God in the final sentence.
Archaic Language
- The speech begins with the archaic phrase "four score and seven".
- The use of archaic language signals a departure from everyday conversation, lending the speech a special and elevated tone.
Call to Action
- A call to action is issued toward the end of the speech, urging the audience to act.
- The suggested action is to carry out the mission of the Declaration of Independence.
- The phrase "new birth of freedom" creates structural unity, blending imagistic and conceptual unity.
- Anyone who agrees with the speech becomes part of a larger generation of the nation's founders.
Contrast
- Contrast is used in the second paragraph, moving from negative to positive: some died so that others, and the entire nation, could live.
Classical Rhetorical Authority
- Classical rhetoric identifies three sources of rhetorical authority: ethos, logos, and pathos.
- The speech generates ethos by starting with a universally accepted truth.
- A logical argument (logos) is introduced in the first paragraph: the idea that the nation was dedicated to a specific proposition.
- The second paragraph applies pathos, appealing to emotion.
Kairos
- The first paragraph applies kairos, making it timely and appropriate for the audience and place.
- The speech draws persuasive power by situating itself in a specific place and time.
Euphemism
- A euphemism is used in the second paragraph, referring to a cemetery as a "final resting place".
- In reality, the battlefield was a scene of carnage after the Battle of Gettysburg.
Metaphor
- The speech introduces a metaphor by referring to the nation's fathers conceiving the nation, an extended biological metaphor of conception and birth that continues throughout the speech.
Repetition
- The speech employs anaphora with the repetition of "we" in the second paragraph.
- This repetition establishes and emphasizes shared national unity during a time of civil war.
Speech Structure: Greek Funeral Oration
- It follows the classical rhetorical structure of the Greek funeral oration.
- The first part praises the dead (epainesis), and the second part advises the living (parainesis).
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