Gestational Diabetes and Infant Health

<p>Increased risk of hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural tube defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachial plexus injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birth trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiepileptic medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe headaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IGM not crossing the placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete paralysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms within 24-72 hours after birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent changing of IV and NG tubing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staph A or Candida infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ear infections and hearing problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low diet in phenylalanine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biliary atresia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilirubin test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic fibrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blockage of bile flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrauterine exposure to drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal muscular atrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetralogy of Fallot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen saturation levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Omphalocele has organs enclosed within a membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spina bifida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of any visible anal opening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anencephaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrasound or maternal blood tests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High pitched cry and hyperactive reflexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heroin and alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharmacologic withdrawal therapy and supportive care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vital signs, weight, and prior feeding input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid giving Narcan as it is not suitable for NAS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modified Finnegan Scoring tool (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within the first 24 hours up to 47 days after birth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased muscle tone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placental hormones acting as insulin antagonists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps prevent neural tube defects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of pre-eclampsia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Above 11 mmol/l (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital abnormalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preterm labor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diluted blood due to increased plasma volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent hypoxic episodes for mother and fetus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drop to pre-pregnancy levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telemetry monitoring to assess heart function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maternal GD can delay lung maturation, hindering surfactant production, which leads to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the newborn.

Infants of mothers with GD have an increased risk of jaundice due to faster red blood cell breakdown and an immature liver.

High maternal blood sugar causes fetal hypoxia, stimulating increased red blood cell production (polycythemia), leading to thicker blood.

Complications of GD include respiratory distress, hyperbilirubinemia (higher than normal bilirubin), and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in the newborn baby.

Prolonged GD exposure can affect the development of the fetal heart, potentially leading to structural heart defects (congenital heart disease).

Poorly controlled gestational diabetes in pregnancy increases the risk of congenital anomalies, especially neural tube defects, cardiac defects, and caudal regression syndrome.

Gestational diabetes increases the likelihood of preterm birth.

Infants exposed to high blood glucose during pregnancy may have increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome later in life.

Pregnancy complications arise from blood glucose control issues, increasing the risk of congenital abnormalities and C-sections, potential hypoglycemia, and increased risk of infections.

Critical for optimizing blood glucose control before pregnancy, involves folate supplementation to prevent neural tube defects, assessing medications and complications, assessing contraception and financial considerations for increased surveillance

Insulin needs fluctuate throughout pregnancy, decreasing in the first trimester due to increased insulin production and sensitivity, increasing later due to placental hormones acting as insulin antagonists.

Increased risk of preterm labor, hypertension (pre-eclampsia), infections, polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hypoglycemia during pregnancy due to diabetes.

Higher risk of macrosomia (large baby), shoulder dystocia, birth injuries (brachial plexus palsy, facial nerve injury), spontaneous miscarriages, and congenital abnormalities (CNS, cardiac) due to maternal blood glucose levels.

A baby that is significantly larger than average for gestational age (birth weight above the 90th percentile).

Low blood sugar at birth in babies of mothers with diabetes, often influenced by maternal glucose control during late pregnancy and labor.

Prenatal visits, monitoring blood glucose levels, urinalysis, 24-hour urine collections, thyroid function tests, maintaining A1C below 7%.

A condition where the thyroid is overactive, often autoimmune, causing symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss.

Underactive thyroid, often due to iodine deficiency, causing symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance in the mother and, if untreated, could impact the baby.

Increased risk of decompensation (heart failure) in women with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, due to pregnancy CV changes increasing the heart's workload.

Increased risk for gestational diabetes, hypertension, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, difficulties during labor and delivery, and breastfeeding issues.

Low red blood cell count, impacting oxygen delivery to the baby, common and can be physiological or iron-deficiency related.

Asthma management is crucial to prevent hypoxic episodes that can negatively affect both mother and baby during pregnancy.

Permanent movement disorders caused by abnormal brain development or damage during or shortly after birth.

Seizures in newborns, often subtle signs like eye deviation.

Abnormal fluid build-up in brain ventricles.

Complete paralysis or death can result from damage to the cervical spinal cord.

Life-threatening infection from microorganisms in the body.

Sepsis appearing within 2-3 days of birth, often caused by E. coli.

Sepsis appearing after 72 hours, often hospital-acquired.

Hand hygiene and proper care of medical equipment; warmth and care for delicate skin.

A birth defect where the roof of the mouth doesn't close completely, often accompanied by a cleft lip.

A birth defect where the foot is twisted out of shape, usually turned inward and downward.

A genetic disorder where the body can't break down phenylalanine, a type of amino acid.

A rare genetic disorder where the body can't break down galactose, a type of sugar.

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough hormones.

A serious liver disease where the bile ducts are blocked or absent.

When a baby experiences withdrawal symptoms, typically due to exposure to drugs in the womb.

Genetic disorders where the body can't break down certain substances in food, like fats, proteins, or sugars.

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) refers to birth defects affecting the heart's structure, such as its chambers, valves, or blood vessels. These defects can lead to symptoms like cyanosis (blue discoloration), poor feeding, rapid breathing, and failure to thrive.

Some common types of CHD include Atrial Septal Defects (ASD), Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD), and Tetralogy of Fallot. Tetralogy of Fallot involves four specific abnormalities: a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta.

CHD is often diagnosed using an echocardiogram (ECHO), a chest X-ray (CXR), or a cardiac MRI in more complex cases. Pulse oximetry (SPO2) is also helpful, measuring oxygen saturation in both hands and feet. A difference of more than 3% between the readings or a saturation below 95% suggests a possible heart defect.

An Abdominal Wall Defect occurs when the abdominal wall doesn't close completely during fetal development. This causes abdominal organs to protrude outside the body. Two common types are omphalocele and gastroschisis.

Omphalocele is a type of abdominal wall defect where the organs protrude out of the stomach and are contained within a sac covered by a membrane.

Gastroschisis is another type of abdominal wall defect, where the organs are exposed directly to the environment without a protective sac.

Imperforate Anus is a birth defect where the anus and rectum don't develop properly, leading to a blockage or absence of the anal opening. This can range from a minor membrane covering the opening to a complete absence of the opening.

Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) occur when the neural tube (which forms the brain and spinal cord) doesn't close completely during early fetal development. Types include spina bifida and anencephaly.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome is a group of symptoms a baby experiences when withdrawing from drugs they were exposed to in the womb.

Common NAS symptoms include hyperactive reflexes, increased muscle tone (supertonus), high-pitched crying, and sweating.

NAS can be caused by exposure to various substances during pregnancy, including opioids like heroin, prescription painkillers, and methadone, as well as alcohol, benzodiazepines, or cocaine.

NAS is treated with medication to help the baby withdraw (like morphine or methadone) and supportive care (like swaddling, feeding support, and a calm environment).

NAS symptoms can appear anytime from the first 24 hours of life up to 47 days after birth.

NAS assessment involves checking the baby's vital signs, feeding, sleep, and consolability every 2-4 hours after feeding.

The Modified Finnegan Scoring tool looks at signs like breathing rate, heart rate, temperature, tremors, crying, sneezing, yawning, and stool consistency to assess NAS.

The Eat, Sleep Console scoring tool assesses if a baby can feed a normal amount, sleep for an hour after feeding, and be calmed within 10 minutes.