HC9: Geschiedenis van de Criminologie in Italië

• Complex societies undergo rapid changes, leading to "anomie" and disrupted solidarity. Suicide, even self-murder, is a "social fact" with connections to social solidarity. Increase of egoistic and anomalous suicides is an indicator of anomie.
• Durkheim and French positivists: Durkheim, founder of modern sociology, contributed to multiple criminal theoretical frameworks. Chicago School: criminality is a "social fact," with anomie and strain theories inspired by Sutherland's differentiation theory and Tarde's imitation theory.
• Labeling theories: criminality is a societal construct. Modern criminological theories focus on punishment and rehabilitation, with significant influence on policies.
• Early criminal thinkers in Germany: No formal "school," but shared focus on individual factors and common goal; significant figures include Franz von Liszt and Hans Gross, who introduced psychology in criminal law procedures.
• First German criminologists: no formal school, but common emphasis on individual factors and goal; had profound impact on modernizing criminal law and jurisprudence; Kriminalbiologie was influential but controversial, with links to eugenics.
• Early institutionalization of criminology in Belgium: Adolphe Quetelet, Edouard Ducpétiaux, and Guerry, founders of Belgian-French moral statistics school, conducted empirical research and made intriguing findings.
• Criminology in Belgium from late 19th century: Adolphe Prins and Criminal Circle, primarily lawyers, with limited empirical research, heavily influenced by Lombroso. Planned legislation on probation, labor camps, juvenile delinquency, and mental health offenders.
• Expansion of criminology in Belgium from 1920s: establishment of institutions in Leuven, ULB, Gent, and Liège. Theoretical advancements, growing influence of English-language criminology, and shift from psychological to sociological explanations of offenders to criminal policy and victim-centered approaches.
• Institutionalization of criminology in Italy, Spain, and the United States from the late 19th century: basis for different institutionalization approaches.
• Classical paradigm versus positivist paradigm in criminology: two starting points in the history of criminology, with classical criminology preceding positivist criminology and the positivist paradigm becoming dominant until the late 1960s.
• Criminal law studies in the UK and Spain from the 1950s and 1990s, respectively.
• Unique institutionalization of criminology in Europe: early institutionalization in Belgium and expansive growth from the 1960s.

Test je kennis over de ontwikkeling van criminologie in Italië met deze quiz. Van Cesare Beccaria tot Cesare Lombroso, ontdek de grondleggers van verschillende criminologische paradigma's en hun invloed op het vakgebied.