61 Questions
What is the role of the hormone ANP in regulating blood pressure?
Lowers blood pressure by acting as a vessel dilator
Which of the following is NOT one of the five senses in humans?
Touch
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
Monitor muscle length
What is sensory transduction?
The translation of stimuli into potential
What determines the perception of a stimulus in the brain?
The relative intensity of the stimulus
Which of the following sensory receptors is NOT involved in detecting temperature?
Pacinian corpuscles
Which sensory impulses directly go to the brain, bypassing the thalamus?
Pain
What is the main function of the middle ear?
Convert soundwave into vibration
If a person is colorblind, which part of the eye is mostly responsible?
Photo receptor - rods
Which of the following is true about the respiratory cycle?
Inhalation increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?
To maintain the pH of the blood
What is the role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
To produce sperm
What is the function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To house the testicles
Which germ layer gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue?
Mesoderm
What is the purpose of the notochord in animal development?
To form the central axis of the animal body
What is the function of the kidney in osmosis regulation?
To adjust water balance
Which fluid compartment does the renal pelvis connect to?
Intracellular fluid
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium of the uterus during pregnancy?
Progesterone
During fertilization, what is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction in the sperm?
To initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg
Which germ layer gives rise to the brain and spinal cord?
Ectoderm
What is the role of the zona pellucida in fertilization?
To protect the egg by forming a layer of extra cellular matrix
Which of the following is NOT a function of the seminal vesicles?
Release of enzymes to liquify the ejaculate
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?
Neutralization of acid residues in the urethra
What happens during implantation in pregnancy?
The placenta begins to form
What is the purpose of the zona pellucida in fertilization?
To help the sperm penetrate and fertilize the egg
Which part of the kidney is responsible for filtering blood?
Renal corpuscle
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Stimulates red blood cell production
Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood pressure and volume?
Aldosterone
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
Regulates water balance
What is the purpose of the zona pellucida during fertilization?
Protects the egg
What happens during the acrosomal reaction in fertilization?
Glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg is degraded
Which of the following is NOT one of the five senses in humans?
Balance
What is sensory transduction?
The conversion of sensory input into nerve impulses
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
Detecting joint position
What determines the perception of a stimulus in the brain?
The type of stimulus
Which of the following sensory receptors is responsible for detecting temperature on the surface of the body?
Thermoreceptors
True or False: Sensory information about the location of a stimulus is carried to the brain.
True
Which sensory impulses directly go to the brain, without passing through the thalamus?
Pain
What is the main function of the middle ear?
Convert soundwave into vibration
Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis?
Ectoderm
What is the process called when water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane?
Osmosis
Which fluid compartment does the kidney regulate?
All of the above
Which organ is responsible for the regulation of osmosis in the body?
Kidney
Which of the following is true about the movement of O2 and CO2 at the alveoli and tissue capillaries?
O2 and CO2 move from alveoli to tissue capillaries
What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?
To maintain pH balance in the blood
What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
To produce sperm and reproductive hormones
What is the role of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
To house and protect the testicles
During fertilization, what happens to the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm?
They break down and disappear
What is the purpose of the zona pellucida during fertilization?
To prevent multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg
What is the role of growth factors in the formation of the neural system?
To differentiate the embryonic stem cells into specific cell types
What is the purpose of cleavage during embryonic development?
To prevent polyspermy
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during fertilization in humans?
Sperm enters the cervix, fertilizes the egg in the fallopian tube, and the fertilized egg implants in the uterus
What is the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
To produce fluids that contribute to the volume of semen
What is the purpose of the endometrium in the uterus?
To provide a lining for the uterus to shed during menstrual flow
What is the role of the hormone HCG during pregnancy?
To promote the development of the placenta
During fertilization, what is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction in the sperm?
To degrade the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium of the uterus during pregnancy?
Progesterone
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
To detect changes in pressure and movement
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
To stimulate red blood cell production
If a person is colorblind, which part of the eye is mostly responsible?
The retina
What is the role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
To produce and store sperm
Study Notes
Senses
- Humans have 5 senses: smell, taste, vision, hearing, and skin
- CNS interprets nerve impulses based on origin and frequency
- Receptors receive and convert stimuli into potential
- Different types of receptors detect specific stimuli:
- Mechanoreceptors: detect limb position, muscle length, and tension
- Chemoreceptors: detect smell and taste
- Photoreceptors: detect light and vision
- Thermoreceptors: detect temperature
- Pain receptors signal discomfort and respond to excessive pressure, heat, light, and chemicals
Vision
- Involves detecting and interpreting visual stimuli
- Photoreceptor cells in the eye convert light energy into nerve impulses
- Two types of photoreceptors in the retina:
- Rods: strong photosensitive, detect dim light, and used for night time vision
- Cones: weakly photosensitive, respond to bright light, and primary role in daylight and color vision
Respiratory System
- Primary function: deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide
- Gas exchange occurs in alveoli
- Lungs are not usually operated at maximum capacity
- Lung volume and capacities:
- Tidal volume (TV): measures air inspired and expired during a normal breath
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): additional air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation
- Residual volume (RV): air left in the lungs after exhalation
- External respiration: exchange of gases between air and blood
- The lungs are never completely empty, with some air always left in the lung to prevent tissue from sticking together
Male Reproductive System
- Scrotum houses the testicles or testes, providing passage for blood vessels, nerves, and muscles
- Testes produce sperm and reproductive hormones
- Sperm are immobile at body temperature, so scrotum and penis are outside the body
- Accessory glands help sperm survive
- Semen is a mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands
- Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland produce secretions that contribute to semen
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries release oocytes and secrete hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
- Fallopian tubes: fertilization occurs in the upper third of the oviduct
- Uterus: where the fetus grows and develops
- Endometrium: lining of the uterus that supports the fetus
- Myometrium: muscle layer used for labor
Fertilization and Human Development
- Fertilization is the fusion of one sperm and one egg
- Human development starts from fertilization
- Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube
- The fertilized egg develops into a zygote
- The zygote undergoes rapid cell division (cleavage)
- The blastula forms a hollow ball with a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity
- Gastrulation: the cells in the blastula rearrange themselves to form 3 layers of cells (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endodermis)
Selective Permeability of Lipid Bilayers
- Cell membranes allow gas and water to pass, but not ions or large molecules
- Selective permeability is necessary for maintaining balance of molecules on either side of the membrane
- Osmosis: the process of achieving the same concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane
- Types of solutions:
- Hypertonic: outside salt concentration is greater than inside
- Isotonic: outside salt concentration is equal to inside
- Hypotonic: outside salt concentration is less than inside
Test your knowledge of embryonic development with this quiz on germ layers! Learn about the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, and how they differentiate into different organ systems. Challenge yourself to remember which germ layer gives rise to which structures in the body.
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