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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the hormone ANP in regulating blood pressure?
What is the role of the hormone ANP in regulating blood pressure?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five senses in humans?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five senses in humans?
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
What is sensory transduction?
What is sensory transduction?
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What determines the perception of a stimulus in the brain?
What determines the perception of a stimulus in the brain?
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Which of the following sensory receptors is NOT involved in detecting temperature?
Which of the following sensory receptors is NOT involved in detecting temperature?
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Which sensory impulses directly go to the brain, bypassing the thalamus?
Which sensory impulses directly go to the brain, bypassing the thalamus?
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What is the main function of the middle ear?
What is the main function of the middle ear?
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If a person is colorblind, which part of the eye is mostly responsible?
If a person is colorblind, which part of the eye is mostly responsible?
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Which of the following is true about the respiratory cycle?
Which of the following is true about the respiratory cycle?
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What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?
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What is the role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
What is the role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
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What is the function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
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Which germ layer gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue?
Which germ layer gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue?
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What is the purpose of the notochord in animal development?
What is the purpose of the notochord in animal development?
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What is the function of the kidney in osmosis regulation?
What is the function of the kidney in osmosis regulation?
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Which fluid compartment does the renal pelvis connect to?
Which fluid compartment does the renal pelvis connect to?
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Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium of the uterus during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium of the uterus during pregnancy?
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During fertilization, what is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction in the sperm?
During fertilization, what is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction in the sperm?
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Which germ layer gives rise to the brain and spinal cord?
Which germ layer gives rise to the brain and spinal cord?
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What is the role of the zona pellucida in fertilization?
What is the role of the zona pellucida in fertilization?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the seminal vesicles?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the seminal vesicles?
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What is the function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland in the male reproductive system?
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What happens during implantation in pregnancy?
What happens during implantation in pregnancy?
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What is the purpose of the zona pellucida in fertilization?
What is the purpose of the zona pellucida in fertilization?
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Which part of the kidney is responsible for filtering blood?
Which part of the kidney is responsible for filtering blood?
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What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
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Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood pressure and volume?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood pressure and volume?
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What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
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What is the purpose of the zona pellucida during fertilization?
What is the purpose of the zona pellucida during fertilization?
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What happens during the acrosomal reaction in fertilization?
What happens during the acrosomal reaction in fertilization?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five senses in humans?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five senses in humans?
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What is sensory transduction?
What is sensory transduction?
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What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
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What determines the perception of a stimulus in the brain?
What determines the perception of a stimulus in the brain?
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Which of the following sensory receptors is responsible for detecting temperature on the surface of the body?
Which of the following sensory receptors is responsible for detecting temperature on the surface of the body?
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True or False: Sensory information about the location of a stimulus is carried to the brain.
True or False: Sensory information about the location of a stimulus is carried to the brain.
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Which sensory impulses directly go to the brain, without passing through the thalamus?
Which sensory impulses directly go to the brain, without passing through the thalamus?
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What is the main function of the middle ear?
What is the main function of the middle ear?
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Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis?
Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis?
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What is the process called when water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane?
What is the process called when water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane?
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Which fluid compartment does the kidney regulate?
Which fluid compartment does the kidney regulate?
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Which organ is responsible for the regulation of osmosis in the body?
Which organ is responsible for the regulation of osmosis in the body?
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Which of the following is true about the movement of O2 and CO2 at the alveoli and tissue capillaries?
Which of the following is true about the movement of O2 and CO2 at the alveoli and tissue capillaries?
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What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?
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What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
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What is the role of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
What is the role of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
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During fertilization, what happens to the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm?
During fertilization, what happens to the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm?
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What is the purpose of the zona pellucida during fertilization?
What is the purpose of the zona pellucida during fertilization?
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What is the role of growth factors in the formation of the neural system?
What is the role of growth factors in the formation of the neural system?
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What is the purpose of cleavage during embryonic development?
What is the purpose of cleavage during embryonic development?
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during fertilization in humans?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during fertilization in humans?
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What is the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
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What is the purpose of the endometrium in the uterus?
What is the purpose of the endometrium in the uterus?
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What is the role of the hormone HCG during pregnancy?
What is the role of the hormone HCG during pregnancy?
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During fertilization, what is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction in the sperm?
During fertilization, what is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction in the sperm?
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Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium of the uterus during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium of the uterus during pregnancy?
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What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in joints?
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What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
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If a person is colorblind, which part of the eye is mostly responsible?
If a person is colorblind, which part of the eye is mostly responsible?
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What is the role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
What is the role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
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Study Notes
Senses
- Humans have 5 senses: smell, taste, vision, hearing, and skin
- CNS interprets nerve impulses based on origin and frequency
- Receptors receive and convert stimuli into potential
- Different types of receptors detect specific stimuli:
- Mechanoreceptors: detect limb position, muscle length, and tension
- Chemoreceptors: detect smell and taste
- Photoreceptors: detect light and vision
- Thermoreceptors: detect temperature
- Pain receptors signal discomfort and respond to excessive pressure, heat, light, and chemicals
Vision
- Involves detecting and interpreting visual stimuli
- Photoreceptor cells in the eye convert light energy into nerve impulses
- Two types of photoreceptors in the retina:
- Rods: strong photosensitive, detect dim light, and used for night time vision
- Cones: weakly photosensitive, respond to bright light, and primary role in daylight and color vision
Respiratory System
- Primary function: deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide
- Gas exchange occurs in alveoli
- Lungs are not usually operated at maximum capacity
- Lung volume and capacities:
- Tidal volume (TV): measures air inspired and expired during a normal breath
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): additional air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation
- Residual volume (RV): air left in the lungs after exhalation
- External respiration: exchange of gases between air and blood
- The lungs are never completely empty, with some air always left in the lung to prevent tissue from sticking together
Male Reproductive System
- Scrotum houses the testicles or testes, providing passage for blood vessels, nerves, and muscles
- Testes produce sperm and reproductive hormones
- Sperm are immobile at body temperature, so scrotum and penis are outside the body
- Accessory glands help sperm survive
- Semen is a mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands
- Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland produce secretions that contribute to semen
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries release oocytes and secrete hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
- Fallopian tubes: fertilization occurs in the upper third of the oviduct
- Uterus: where the fetus grows and develops
- Endometrium: lining of the uterus that supports the fetus
- Myometrium: muscle layer used for labor
Fertilization and Human Development
- Fertilization is the fusion of one sperm and one egg
- Human development starts from fertilization
- Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube
- The fertilized egg develops into a zygote
- The zygote undergoes rapid cell division (cleavage)
- The blastula forms a hollow ball with a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity
- Gastrulation: the cells in the blastula rearrange themselves to form 3 layers of cells (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endodermis)
Selective Permeability of Lipid Bilayers
- Cell membranes allow gas and water to pass, but not ions or large molecules
- Selective permeability is necessary for maintaining balance of molecules on either side of the membrane
- Osmosis: the process of achieving the same concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane
- Types of solutions:
- Hypertonic: outside salt concentration is greater than inside
- Isotonic: outside salt concentration is equal to inside
- Hypotonic: outside salt concentration is less than inside
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Description
Test your knowledge of embryonic development with this quiz on germ layers! Learn about the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, and how they differentiate into different organ systems. Challenge yourself to remember which germ layer gives rise to which structures in the body.
