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GERD Treatment Overview
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GERD Treatment Overview

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@CleanlyBoston

Questions and Answers

What effect does domperidone have in relation to the CTZ during Parkinson's treatment?

  • It increases serotonin levels in the CTZ.
  • It blocks D2 receptors to reduce nausea and vomiting. (correct)
  • It activates D2 receptors to alleviate Parkinsonian symptoms.
  • It enhances vomiting by stimulating D2 receptors.

    • Why is domperidone potentially a risk for serious arrhythmias?

  • It decreases blood pressure significantly.
  • It interacts negatively with other Parkinson's medications.
  • It inhibits dopamine production in the basal ganglia.
  • It has been shown to increase the QT interval. (correct)

    • Which of the following statements about domperidone is incorrect?

  • It is used to counteract nausea and vomiting in Parkinson's treatment.
  • It does not affect D2 receptors in the basal ganglia.
  • It primarily causes an increase in dopamine levels. (correct)
  • It blocks D2 receptors in the CTZ.

    • What is the primary therapeutic role of domperidone in Parkinson's disease treatment?

    <p>To antagonize D2 receptors to minimize nausea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone’s action in Parkinson’s treatment specifically avoids impacting which receptors?

    <p>D2 receptors in the basal ganglia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious concern regarding the use of domperidone related to cardiovascular health?

    <p>It may result in sudden cardiac death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of metoclopramide?

    <p>Dopamine receptor blockade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the antiemetic effect of domperidone is true?

    <p>It has a weaker antiemetic effect than metoclopramide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of extra-pyramidal side effects in relation to metoclopramide?

    <p>They are significant and commonly observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bethanechol primarily exert its effects in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>By stimulating muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does domperidone have on prolactin levels?

    <p>It has minimal effects on prolactin levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is associated with causing hyperprolactinemia?

    <p>Metoclopramide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of action for metoclopramide?

    <p>Both central and peripheral actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect does metoclopramide NOT have?

    <p>Weakens cholinergic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which metoclopramide exerts its antiemetic action?

    <p>Blocking D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a therapeutic use of metoclopramide?

    <p>Colonic obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with metoclopramide?

    <p>Sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does metoclopramide aid patients before undergoing small bowel endoscopy?

    <p>By enhancing gastric evacuation and peristaltic movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is metoclopramide used to prevent aspiration during anesthesia?

    <p>Before emergency surgery and labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about metoclopramide is true?

    <p>It increases lower esophageal sphincter pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could metoclopramide NOT be prescribed for?

    <p>Chronic renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with extrapyramidal symptoms from metoclopramide use?

    <p>Neuroleptic malignant syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily characterized by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus due to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a prokinetic agent?

    <p>Domperidone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle modifications is NOT recommended for the management of GERD?

    <p>Elevated caffeine intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical intervention is indicated for patients with GERD when medical therapy has failed?

    <p>Fundoplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does Metoclopramide primarily utilize to enhance gastric emptying?

    <p>Blocking dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a drug that decreases lower esophageal sphincter pressure?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following conditions can exacerbate GERD symptoms EXCEPT:

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an antacid or an antacid combination?

    <p>Buspirone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has primarily limited the use of certain treatments for GERD and gastroparesis?

    <p>Multiple cholinergic side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of action best describes how macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin work in treating gastroparesis?

    <p>Stimulation of motilin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant drawback of using intravenous erythromycin for gastroparesis?

    <p>Rapid development of tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what acute condition might erythromycin be used to promote gastric emptying?

    <p>Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound does alginic acid form when combined with saliva and sodium bicarbonate?

    <p>Sodium alginate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the foam created by alginic acid in the treatment of reflux?

    <p>It prevents gastric reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the formulation of Gaviscion?

    <p>Omeprazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is the use of erythromycin considered most beneficial?

    <p>Acute gastroparesis treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone blocks D2 receptors in the basal ganglia responsible for Parkinsonism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of domperidone is linked to an increased risk of serious arrhythmias due to QT interval prolongation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Levodopa is being used in Parkinson's treatment specifically to induce vomiting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone's action in reducing nausea is primarily through interaction with serotonin receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bromocriptine is another medication used in Parkinson's treatment that does not cause nausea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CTZ stands for Chemotoxic Zone and is crucial for regulating vomiting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone crosses the blood-brain barrier and causes central nervous system side effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine blockade in the pituitary gland can lead to hyperprolactinemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The therapeutic uses of domperidone are entirely different from those of metoclopramide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute extrapyramidal effects can be precipitated by the co-administration of metoclopramide and antipsychotic drugs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone primarily enhances gastrointestinal motility by agonizing D2 receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antiemetic effect of domperidone is stronger than that of metoclopramide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine antagonists like atropine can enhance the prokinetic action of metoclopramide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extrapyramidal symptoms are commonly associated with the use of domperidone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone has a strong antiemetic effect.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bethanechol inhibits muscarinic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide primarily acts on peripheral dopamine receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone is associated with minimal hyperprolactinemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide can present extrapyramidal side effects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone has no effect on peripheral cholinergic transmission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bethanechol has a negligible effect on the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide induces weaker antiemetic effects compared to domperidone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide improves small intestinal motility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sedation is the most common adverse effect associated with metoclopramide use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antiemetic action of metoclopramide is due to D2 receptor activation in the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide is used to enhance gastric emptying and increase lower esophageal sphincter tone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A therapeutic use of metoclopramide includes the treatment of drowsiness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide is administered intravenously at a dosage of 50 mg before small bowel endoscopy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide can be used to prevent aspiration of gastric contents during emergency surgery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastroesophageal reflux treatment with metoclopramide requires lower esophageal sphincter pressure to be reduced.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythromycin is commonly used today for the treatment of gastroparesis due to its efficacy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The action of alginic acid in the presence of saliva produces a foam that prevents gastric reflux.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin stimulate cholinergic receptors to enhance gastrointestinal motility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerance to intravenous erythromycin develops quickly in patients being treated for gastroparesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main therapeutic benefit of macrolide antibiotics is to increase gastric acid production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gaviscion combines alginic acid, magnesium trisilicate, and sodium bicarbonate to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrointestinal motility is primarily stimulated by substances that act on serotonin receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alginic acid forms a viscous foam that is effective in preventing gastric reflux only in the absence of sodium bicarbonate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle modifications can exacerbate GERD symptoms?

    <p>Stress, smoking, spicy foods, alcohol, and ulcerogenic drugs like NSAIDs can exacerbate GERD symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prokinetic drugs in the treatment of GERD?

    <p>Prokinetic drugs enhance gastric emptying and increase upper gastrointestinal motility, thereby reducing the frequency and severity of GERD symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the elevation of the head of the bed help GERD patients?

    <p>Elevating the head of the bed helps to prevent gastric acid from remaining in contact with the esophagus during the night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action is primarily attributed to metoclopramide in GERD treatment?

    <p>Metoclopramide primarily acts by blocking dopamine receptors, which enhances cholinergic transmission and raises lower esophageal sphincter tone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a significant risk associated with the use of domperidone in treatment.

    <p>A significant risk associated with domperidone use is the potential for serious arrhythmias due to QT interval prolongation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin utilized in treating gastroparesis?

    <p>Macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin are used because they enhance gastric motility by acting on motilin receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the potential drawback of using intravenous erythromycin for gastroparesis.

    <p>A potential drawback of intravenous erythromycin is that its long-term use can lead to antibiotic resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does weight reduction have on GERD management?

    <p>Weight reduction can decrease abdominal pressure, thereby reducing reflux episodes and alleviating GERD symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for hyperprolactinemia associated with the use of certain dopamine blockers?

    <p>Hyperprolactinemia occurs due to the blockade of D2 receptors in the pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does domperidone affect gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>Domperidone enhances gastrointestinal motility by blocking peripheral D2 receptors, reducing dopamine's inhibitory effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant side effect is associated with the combined administration of metoclopramide and antipsychotic drugs?

    <p>The combination can precipitate acute extrapyramidal effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does domperidone not cross the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Domperidone's chemical structure prevents it from crossing the blood-brain barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drugs can exacerbate the effects of metoclopramide?

    <p>Anticholinergic drugs can exacerbate the prokinetic action of metoclopramide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the antiemetic effects of domperidone from metoclopramide?

    <p>Domperidone has a weaker antiemetic effect compared to metoclopramide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism underlies the use of domperidone for treating symptoms of nausea?

    <p>Domperidone exerts its antiemetic effects by blocking peripheral D2 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between dopaminergic blockade and the central nervous system effects of antipsychotic medications?

    <p>Dopaminergic blockade in the basal ganglia can lead to neurologic side effects such as Parkinsonism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the decreased use of certain treatments for GERD and gastroparesis?

    <p>Multiple cholinergic side effects limit their use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of erythromycin in managing gastroparesis.

    <p>Erythromycin stimulates motilin receptors to promote gastric emptying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when alginic acid interacts with saliva and sodium bicarbonate?

    <p>A viscous foamy solution of Na-alginate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patient scenario might intravenous erythromycin be beneficial?

    <p>In patients with acute upper GIT hemorrhage before endoscopy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant drawback is associated with using intravenous erythromycin for gastroparesis treatment?

    <p>Tolerance to the drug develops rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the foam created by alginic acid and sodium bicarbonate aim to do?

    <p>It acts as a raft to prevent gastric reflux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is erythromycin rarely used for treating gastroparesis today?

    <p>Due to the rapid development of tolerance and cholinergic side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the migrating motor complex stimulated by macrolide antibiotics?

    <p>It facilitates the coordinated movement of contents through the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic uses does metoclopramide have for gastric emptying disorders?

    <p>Metoclopramide is used to treat diabetic gastroparesis and postoperative gastric retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does metoclopramide prevent aspiration during anesthesia?

    <p>Metoclopramide is administered to evacuate the stomach contents and reduce the risk of aspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the mechanism through which metoclopramide acts as an antiemetic.

    <p>Metoclopramide acts as an antiemetic by blocking D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with metoclopramide and why does it occur?

    <p>Sedation is a common adverse effect, occurring due to central nervous system depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of giving metoclopramide before small bowel endoscopy?

    <p>It is given to enhance gastric evacuation and improve peristaltic movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does metoclopramide facilitate treatment for gastroesophageal reflux?

    <p>Metoclopramide enhances gastric emptying and increases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does metoclopramide play in the management of nausea and vomiting?

    <p>Metoclopramide is used to treat nausea and vomiting from various causes by enhancing gastric motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be cautious of when taking metoclopramide due to its side effects?

    <p>Patients should be cautious of sedation and extrapyramidal symptoms, which can affect motor control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the central and peripheral effects of metoclopramide from those of domperidone?

    <p>Metoclopramide exhibits both central and peripheral effects, while domperidone primarily acts peripherally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important neurotransmitter does metoclopramide act upon to exert its antiemetic effects?

    <p>Metoclopramide acts primarily on dopamine receptors to exert its antiemetic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cholinergic action of bethanechol influence gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>Bethanechol stimulates muscarinic receptors, enhancing motility in the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effects are associated with high levels of prolactin as a result of dopaminergic blockade?

    <p>High prolactin levels can lead to symptoms like galactorrhea and menstrual irregularities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential impact of metoclopramide on extrapyramidal symptoms?

    <p>Metoclopramide can precipitate extrapyramidal symptoms due to its dopamine receptor antagonism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is primarily used for metoclopramide in acute settings?

    <p>Metoclopramide is primarily administered intravenously in acute settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the action of domperidone differ regarding extrapyramidal side effects compared to metoclopramide?

    <p>Domperidone generally has minimal extrapyramidal side effects, unlike metoclopramide which can cause them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the antiemetic effects of domperidone compare in strength to those of metoclopramide?

    <p>Domperidone's antiemetic effects are generally considered stronger than those of metoclopramide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus is known as ______.

    <p>GERD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common major complaint associated with GERD is ______.

    <p>heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One method to increase lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure is ______ of the head of the bed.

    <p>elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokinetic drugs help increase upper GIT motility and enhance ______ emptying.

    <p>gastric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that decrease HCl secretion include H2 blockers and ______ pump inhibitors.

    <p>proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide acts by blocking ______ receptors, leading to increased GIT motility.

    <p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In GERD treatment, avoiding stress and ______ is crucial for lifestyle modification.

    <p>smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If medical therapy fails for GERD, ______ treatment may be indicated.

    <p>surgical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide has no effect on small intestinal or ______ motility.

    <p>colonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antiemetic action is due to blockade of D2 receptors in the ______ trigger zone of the medulla.

    <p>chemoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide is used to enhance gastric emptying and increase ______ pressure.

    <p>LES</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One therapeutic use of metoclopramide is for disorders of gastric ______, such as diabetic gastroparesis.

    <p>emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common adverse effect of metoclopramide is ______, which is the most common adverse effect.

    <p>sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide is administered before small bowel endoscopy to enhance gastric ______ and prevent vomiting.

    <p>evacuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before emergency surgery, metoclopramide is used to evacuate the stomach and prevent ______ of gastric contents during anesthesia.

    <p>aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In treating various causes of nausea and vomiting, metoclopramide plays a significant ______.

    <p>role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone blocks D2 receptors in the ______ responsible for Parkinsonism.

    <p>basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of domperidone is linked to an increased risk of serious arrhythmias due to ______ interval prolongation.

    <p>QT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine blockade in the pituitary gland can lead to ______.

    <p>hyperprolactinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anticholinergic drugs can ______ its prokinetic action.

    <p>antagonize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone does NOT cross the ______ so it has no CNS side effects.

    <p>BBB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute extrapyramidal effects can be precipitated by the co-administration of metoclopramide and ______.

    <p>antipsychotic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antiemetic effect of domperidone is less than that of ______.

    <p>metoclopramide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone primarily enhances gastrointestinal motility by ______ D2 receptors.

    <p>agonizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin directly stimulate motilin receptors on GIT smooth ______ and promote the onset of a migrating motor complex.

    <p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alginic acid in presence of saliva and NaHCO3 forms a highly viscous foamy solution of Na-______ that floats on the gastric contents.

    <p>alginate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrolide antibiotics can be used in patients with acute upper GIT hemorrhage to promote gastric ______ of blood before endoscopy.

    <p>emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerance rapidly develops with the use of intravenous ______ for gastroparesis.

    <p>erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The foam created by alginic acid in reflux treatment prevents gastric ______.

    <p>reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple cholinergic side effects have limited the use of certain treatments for GERD and ______.

    <p>gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythromycin is beneficial in some patients with gastroparesis; however, it may be used in patients with acute upper GIT ______.

    <p>hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gaviscion is a combination of alginic acid, Mg-trisilicate, Al-hydroxide, and ______.

    <p>NaHCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bethanechol stimulates ______ receptors in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>muscarinic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide acts as a ______ antagonist, which is beneficial for gastrointestinal motility.

    <p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domperidone has a ______ effect compared to metoclopramide.

    <p>stronger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extravasation of medication can lead to ______ side effects with metoclopramide.

    <p>extrapyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperprolactinemia caused by dopamine blockade can lead to ______ symptoms.

    <p>significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The action of domperidone predominantly takes place in the ______ nervous system.

    <p>central</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metoclopramide is indicated to prevent aspiration during ______.

    <p>anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effect of domperidone on prolactin levels is considered to be ______.

    <p>significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action in treating Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):

    <p>Metoclopramide = Increases LES tone and enhances gastric emptying Domperidone = Blocks dopamine receptors to enhance gastrointestinal motility Erythromycin = Enhances gastric emptying through motility stimulation Bethanechol = Acts as a cholinomimetic agent to increase GIT motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their classification in the treatment of GERD:

    <p>H2 blockers = Decreasing gastric HCl secretion Proton Pump Inhibitors = Inhibits HCl production Antacids = Neutralize gastric acid Prokinetic agents = Enhance gastric emptying and motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lifestyle modifications with their impact on GERD symptoms:

    <p>Weight reduction = Decreases reflux episodes Head of bed elevation = Reduces nighttime symptoms Avoiding spicy foods = Minimizes irritation of the esophagus Quitting smoking = Enhances LES pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classification of medications with their specific effects on LES pressure:

    <p>Anticholinergic drugs = Decrease LES pressure Nitrates = Lower LES pressure Dopamine antagonists = Increase LES tone Serotonin agonists = Enhance gastrointestinal motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their related therapeutic methods in GERD management:

    <p>Surgical treatment = Used when medical therapy fails Prokinetic therapy = Enhances gastric emptying Lifestyle modification = Reduces symptom frequency Drug therapy = Decreases gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following side effects with the corresponding prokinetic drugs:

    <p>Metoclopramide = Extrapyramidal symptoms Domperidone = Hyperprolactinemia Erythromycin = Gastrointestinal side effects Bethanechol = Increased salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of agents with their identified effects on the gastrointestinal tract:

    <p>Macrolide antibiotics = Stimulate gastric motility Cholinomimetics = Enhance cholinergic action Dopamine antagonists = Increase GIT motility 5-HT4 agonists = Facilitate gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary action in relation to gastric acid:

    <p>H2 blockers = Reduce gastric acid secretion Proton pump inhibitors = Inhibit proton transport Antacids = Neutralize stomach acid Prokinetics = Enhance gastric motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effects:

    <p>Metoclopramide = Dopamine receptor blockade Domperidone = Peripheral only Bethanechol = Increase cholinergic transmission Extra-pyramidal effects = Present in certain medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their associated drug actions:

    <p>Domperidone = Antiemetic effect with minimal CNS impact Bethanechol = Stimulates muscarinic receptors in the GI tract Metoclopramide = Stronger antiemetic effect Dopamine blockage = Significant hyperprolactinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug classes with their descriptions:

    <p>Antiemetics = Drug class impacting nausea and vomiting Cholinergic agonists = Increases smooth muscle contraction in the GI tract Dopamine antagonists = Blockade leading to hyperprolactinemia Prokinetic agents = Enhance gastrointestinal motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug effects with their corresponding terms:

    <p>Strong antiemetic effect = Domperidone Peripheral dopamine blockade = Domperidone Extra-pyramidal symptoms = Metoclopramide Significant hyperprolactinemia = Dopamine blockade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their related drug effects:

    <p>Metoclopramide = Extrapyramidal side effects Domperidone = Minimal CNS effects Bethanechol = Increased gastrointestinal motility Dopamine antagonism = Hyperprolactinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outcomes with their respective treatment mechanisms:

    <p>Increased gastric emptying = Metoclopramide action Stimulation of GI smooth muscle = Bethanechol effect Reduced nausea with less sedation = Domperidone Episodic CNS impact = Dopamine receptor antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their specific therapeutic roles:

    <p>Metoclopramide = Use in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Domperidone = Antiemetic in Parkinson's treatment Bethanechol = Urinary retention management Dopamine antagonists = Treatment of nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their expected side effects:

    <p>Domperidone = No extrapyramidal symptoms Metoclopramide = Potential for extra-pyramidal symptoms Bethanechol = Increased gastrointestinal secretions Dopamine antagonists = Significant hyperprolactinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gastrointestinal medications with their primary use:

    <p>Erythromycin = Stimulating gastrointestinal motility Metoclopramide = Preventing nausea and vomiting Domperidone = Enhancing gastric emptying Alginic acid = Reducing gastric reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gastrointestinal conditions with their associated treatment drug:

    <p>Gastroparesis = Erythromycin GERD = Alginic acid Acute upper GIT hemorrhage = Erythromycin Nausea from chemotherapy = Metoclopramide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of action with their corresponding medications:

    <p>Cholinergic stimulation = Metoclopramide Motilin receptor stimulation = Erythromycin Dopamine receptor antagonism = Domperidone Foam raft formation = Alginic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following side effects with the relevant medication:

    <p>Cardiovascular issues = Domperidone Nausea = Erythromycin Extrapyramidal symptoms = Metoclopramide Cholinergic side effects = Metoclopramide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the alternative names with their corresponding medications:

    <p>Gaviscion = Alginic acid + magnesium trisilicate + aluminum hydroxide Motilin receptor agonist = Erythromycin D2 receptor antagonist = Domperidone Prokinetic agent = Metoclopramide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following patients with the recommended treatment for their conditions:

    <p>Patient with gastroparesis = Erythromycin Patient with GERD = Alginic acid Patient with nausea from a migraine = Metoclopramide Patient needing rapid gastric emptying = Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatment limitations with the corresponding medication:

    <p>Rapid tolerance development = Erythromycin Risk of serious arrhythmias = Domperidone Central nervous system side effects = Metoclopramide Gastrointestinal motility masking = Alginic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatment formulations with their components:

    <p>Gaviscion formulation = Alginic acid + NaHCO3 + Mg-trisilicate Erythromycin mechanism = Motilin receptor stimulation Metoclopramide function = Dopamine antagonism Alginic acid action = Foam raft formation for reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following therapeutic uses of metoclopramide with their descriptions:

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux = Enhances gastric emptying and increases lower esophageal sphincter pressure Gastroparesis = Improves gastric motility and emptying Small bowel endoscopy = Facilitates gastric evacuation and prevents vomiting Preoperative use = Evacuates stomach contents to prevent aspiration during anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adverse effects of metoclopramide with their descriptions:

    <p>Sedation = Most common adverse effect associated with metoclopramide Extrapyramidal symptoms = Movement disorders resulting from dopamine blockade Diarrhea = Potential gastrointestinal disturbance due to increased motility Dry mouth = A less common side effect related to metabolic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions of metoclopramide with their corresponding mechanisms:

    <p>D2 receptor blockade = Primary action in the chemoreceptor trigger zone for antiemetic activity Increased gastric peristalsis = Enhances the movement of the gastrointestinal tract Lower esophageal sphincter pressure = Prevents reflux by strengthening the sphincter muscle Nausea and vomiting treatment = Achieved via multiple pathways, including central action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical scenarios with the appropriate use of metoclopramide:

    <p>Emergency surgery = To evacuate stomach contents and prevent aspiration Postoperative gastric retention = To assist in gastric emptying and recovery Nausea due to chemotherapy = Provides relief through central action at the CTZ Diabetic gastroparesis = Addresses delayed gastric emptying in diabetic patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of metoclopramide with the correct outcomes:

    <p>Promotes gastric emptying = Helps in conditions like gastroparesis Blocks dopamine receptors = Reduces the likelihood of vomiting Increases gastrointestinal motility = Improves the efficiency of the digestive process Enhances peristaltic activity = Facilitates bowel movements during procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adverse reactions with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Sedation = Commonly reported and often temporary Fatigue = May occur with prolonged use of metoclopramide Muscle spasms = Symptoms of extrapyramidal effects due to dopamine antagonism Constipation = Less frequently associated with increased gastrointestinal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with the appropriate rationale for metoclopramide use:

    <p>Gastroparesis = Improves gastric emptying in delayed motility cases GERD = Helps reduce the frequency of acid reflux episodes Nausea and vomiting of various causes = Effective in treating symptoms stemming from diverse triggers Pre-surgical preparation = Prevents aspiration risk during anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following uses of metoclopramide with their clinical benefits:

    <p>Accelerating gastric emptying = Reduces symptoms related to dysmotility Reducing nausea = Targets the chemoreceptor trigger zone for effective control Improving esophageal function = Strengthens lower esophageal sphincter to combat reflux Preventing aspiration = Critical during surgical procedures and emergency situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their specific side effects or pharmacological actions:

    <p>Domperidone = Blocks peripheral D2 receptors Metoclopramide = Causes acute extrapyramidal effects Anticholinergic drugs = Prokinetic action antagonist D2 blockers = May precipitate hyperprolactinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts related to dopamine and gastrointestinal function:

    <p>Inhibition of dopamine = Increased GI motility Blockade of D2 in basal ganglia = Dysfunction in elderly Dopamine inhibition in pituitary = Prolactin release Antipsychotic drugs = Extra-pyramidal side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical outcomes with the relevant drugs:

    <p>Domperidone = Reduced nausea without CNS effects Metoclopramide = Increased gastric emptying Antipsychotic drugs = Worsening of movement disorders Levothyroxine = Induced vomiting in Parkinson's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions or conditions:

    <p>Hyperprolactinemia = Increased prolactin levels due to D2 blockade Extrapyramidal symptoms = Movement disorders linked to dopamine blockers Peripheral D2 receptors = Location for domperidone action Basal ganglia = Region linked to Parkinsonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following side effects with the respective medications:

    <p>Domperidone = Cardiovascular risks Metoclopramide = Acute agitation Antidepressants = Potential increase in GI motility Dopamine antagonists = Exacerbation of Parkinsonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of action with the appropriate drugs:

    <p>Domperidone = Does not cross BBB Metoclopramide = Blocks D2 receptors in CNS Anticholinergics = Antagonize prokinetic effects D2 blockers = Inhibit dopamine effect on motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following therapeutic uses with their correct drug associations:

    <p>Metoclopramide = Delays gastric emptying treatment Domperidone = Nausea and vomiting reduction D2 antagonists = Management of schizophrenia Anticholinergics = Decrease GI secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacological effects with the respective actions:

    <p>Blockade of D2 receptors = Increases GI motility Inhibition of prokinetic actions = Anticholinergic agents CNS side effects = Associated with D2 antagonists Dopamine increase = Reduces gastrointestinal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

    • GERD is defined by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus due to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
    • Symptoms include heartburn and potential misdiagnosis as angina pectoris.
    • Non-drug therapies focus on lifestyle modifications:
      • Elevate the head of the bed to reduce nocturnal esophageal damage.
      • Promote weight reduction and avoid stress, smoking, spicy foods, and alcohol.
      • Caution with ulcerogenic drugs such as NSAIDs.
    • Drug therapies include:
      • Increasing LES pressure with medications like metoclopramide, domperidone, bethanechol, and erythromycin.
      • Reducing HCl secretion using H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors.
      • Prokinetic agents to enhance gastric motility.
      • Antacids and combinations, e.g., Gaviscon.
    • Surgical options are available if medical treatments do not provide relief.

    Prokinetic Drugs

    • Prokinetic drugs improve upper gastrointestinal tract motility and gastric emptying.
    • Classes include:
      • Dopamine antagonists (e.g., metoclopramide, domperidone).
      • Serotonin (5-HT4) agonists (e.g., mosapride).
      • Cholinomimetics (e.g., bethanechol).
      • Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin).

    Metoclopramide

    • Mechanism: Increases LES tone and enhances gastric emptying.
      • Blocks dopamine receptors, reducing their inhibitory effect on GIT motility.
      • Enhances cholinergic transmission without affecting small intestine or colonic motility.
    • Antiemetic properties are derived from blocking D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla.
    • Therapeutic uses:
      • Treats gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying disorders (e.g., diabetic gastroparesis).
      • Prepares patients for endoscopy by enhancing gastric evacuation.
      • Utilized in emergency surgery to prevent aspiration of gastric contents and manage nausea.
    • Adverse effects:
      • Commonly causes sedation and extrapyramidal side effects.
      • Can counteract nausea related to Parkinson’s drugs by blocking D2 receptors without affecting basal ganglia.

    Domperidone

    • Functions as a dopamine receptor blocker, primarily acting peripherally.
    • Weaker antiemetic properties compared to metoclopramide.
    • Associated with minimal hyperprolactinemia but can have a longer QT interval risk.

    Bethanechol

    • A muscarinic agonist that stimulates gastric smooth muscle and myenteric plexus.
    • Historically used for GERD and gastroparesis, but less favored now due to side effects.

    Macrolide Antibiotics (Erythromycin)

    • Act by stimulating motilin receptors, promoting gastric motility and emptying.
    • Effective in acute upper GI hemorrhage cases for gastric evacuation before endoscopy.
    • Tolerance develops rapidly with prolonged use.

    Antacids and Antacid-Alginic Acid Products

    • Gaviscon contains alginic acid, magnesium trisilicate, aluminum hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.
    • Alginic acid forms a viscous foam that acts as a raft on gastric contents, preventing reflux.

    Metoclopramide

    • No effect on small intestine or colonic motility.

    • Antiemetic action via blockade of D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla.

    • Therapeutic uses include:

      • Gastroesophageal reflux to enhance gastric emptying and increase lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure.
      • Disorders of gastric emptying, such as diabetic gastroparesis and postoperative gastric retention.
      • Pre-endoscopy (20 mg IV) to enhance gastric evacuation and peristalsis, preventing vomiting.
      • During emergency surgery and labor to evacuate the stomach and prevent aspiration of gastric contents.
      • Treatment of nausea and vomiting from various causes.

    • Adverse effects include:

      • Most common is sedation.
      • Extrapyramidal effects like dystonia and dyskinesia, especially in elderly patients.
      • Hyperprolactinemia due to D2 receptor blockade in the pituitary gland.

    • Drug interactions:

      • Anticholinergic drugs may antagonize prokinetic action.
      • Other dopamine blockers (e.g., antipsychotics) can precipitate acute extrapyramidal effects.

    Domperidone

    • Blocks peripheral D2 receptors, enhancing gastrointestinal motility without central nervous system (CNS) side effects.

    • Antiemetic effect is less potent than metoclopramide.

    • Therapeutic uses mirror those of metoclopramide, including counteracting nausea and vomiting from levo-dopa and bromocriptine during Parkinson's treatment by blocking D2 receptors in the CTZ.

    • Adverse effects:

      • Growing evidence suggests increased QT interval, posing risks of serious arrhythmia and sudden death.

    Comparison: Metoclopramide vs. Domperidone

    • Metoclopramide: Strong dopamine receptor blockade with central and peripheral effects, notable prokinetic and antiemetic properties, significant extrapyramidal side effects, and hyperprolactinemia.
    • Domperidone: Peripheral-only blockade, weaker antiemetic effect, minimal extrapyramidal side effects, and less hyperprolactinemia.

    Bethanechol

    • Stimulates muscarinic M3 receptors in smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract and myenteric plexus.
    • Previously used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastroparesis, now rarely prescribed due to cholinergic side effects.

    Macrolide Antibiotics (e.g., Erythromycin)

    • Directly stimulate motilin receptors on gastrointestinal smooth muscle, promoting migrating motor complex onset.
    • Intravenous erythromycin (33 mg/kg) may benefit patients with gastroparesis, though tolerance develops rapidly.
    • Can be useful in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage to promote gastric emptying of blood prior to endoscopy.

    Antacids and Antacid-Alginic Acid Products

    • Combination products, such as Gaviscon (alginic acid, Mg-trisilicate, Al-hydroxide, NaHCO3), create a viscous foam in the presence of saliva that floats on gastric contents.
    • This foam acts as a raft, preventing gastric reflux.

    Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

    • Defined as the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus due to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
    • Common symptoms include heartburn and chest pain, which may be mistaken for angina pectoris.

    Non-Drug Therapies

    • Lifestyle modifications recommended:
      • Elevation of the head of the bed to reduce nighttime acid exposure.
      • Weight loss to alleviate pressure on the LES.
      • Avoiding triggers such as stress, smoking, spicy foods, alcohol, and ulcerogenic medications (e.g., NSAIDs).

    Drug Therapies

    • Drugs that increase LES pressure:
      • Metoclopramide
      • Domperidone
      • Bethanechol
      • Erythromycin
    • Drugs that decrease LES pressure:
      • Anticholinergic medications
      • Nitrates
    • Decrease HCl secretion using:
      • H2 blockers
      • Proton pump inhibitors
    • Prokinetic medications enhance gastrointestinal motility.
    • Antacids and formulations like Gaviscon serve as neutralizing agents.
    • Surgical interventions considered if medical management fails.

    Prokinetic Drugs

    • Increase upper gastrointestinal motility and enhance gastric emptying.
    • Include:
      • Dopamine antagonists (Metoclopramide, Domperidone)
      • Serotonin (5-HT4) agonists (Mosapride)
      • Cholinomimetic agents (Bethanechol)
      • Macrolide antibiotics (Erythromycin)

    Metoclopramide

    • Increases LES tone and enhances gastric motility by blocking dopamine receptors.
    • Antiemetic effects result from D2 receptor blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone.
    • Therapeutic uses:
      • Treats GERD and enhances gastric emptying in conditions like diabetic gastroparesis.
      • Administered before procedures to prevent aspiration and nausea.
    • Adverse effects include sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, and hyperprolactinemia.
    • Drug interactions may escalate extrapyramidal effects when combined with other dopamine blockers.

    Domperidone

    • Blocks peripheral D2 receptors, enhancing gastrointestinal motility without crossing the blood-brain barrier, thus avoiding central side effects.
    • Has a weaker antiemetic effect compared to metoclopramide.
    • Therapeutic uses overlap with metoclopramide.

    Bethanechol

    • Stimulates muscarinic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, historically used for GERD and gastroparesis.
    • Rarely used now due to significant cholinergic side effects.

    Erythromycin

    • A macrolide antibiotic that stimulates motilin receptors, promoting gastric motility.
    • Effective for gastroparesis but may lead to rapid tolerance.
    • Used in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage to promote gastric emptying before endoscopy.

    Antacids and Alginate Products

    • Gaviscon combines alginic acid and antacids (e.g., magnesium trisilicate, aluminum hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate).
    • Forms a viscous foam that floats on gastric contents, creating a barrier to prevent reflux.

    Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

    • Defined as the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus due to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
    • Common symptoms include heartburn and chest pain, which may be mistaken for angina pectoris.

    Non-Drug Therapies

    • Lifestyle modifications recommended:
      • Elevation of the head of the bed to reduce nighttime acid exposure.
      • Weight loss to alleviate pressure on the LES.
      • Avoiding triggers such as stress, smoking, spicy foods, alcohol, and ulcerogenic medications (e.g., NSAIDs).

    Drug Therapies

    • Drugs that increase LES pressure:
      • Metoclopramide
      • Domperidone
      • Bethanechol
      • Erythromycin
    • Drugs that decrease LES pressure:
      • Anticholinergic medications
      • Nitrates
    • Decrease HCl secretion using:
      • H2 blockers
      • Proton pump inhibitors
    • Prokinetic medications enhance gastrointestinal motility.
    • Antacids and formulations like Gaviscon serve as neutralizing agents.
    • Surgical interventions considered if medical management fails.

    Prokinetic Drugs

    • Increase upper gastrointestinal motility and enhance gastric emptying.
    • Include:
      • Dopamine antagonists (Metoclopramide, Domperidone)
      • Serotonin (5-HT4) agonists (Mosapride)
      • Cholinomimetic agents (Bethanechol)
      • Macrolide antibiotics (Erythromycin)

    Metoclopramide

    • Increases LES tone and enhances gastric motility by blocking dopamine receptors.
    • Antiemetic effects result from D2 receptor blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone.
    • Therapeutic uses:
      • Treats GERD and enhances gastric emptying in conditions like diabetic gastroparesis.
      • Administered before procedures to prevent aspiration and nausea.
    • Adverse effects include sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, and hyperprolactinemia.
    • Drug interactions may escalate extrapyramidal effects when combined with other dopamine blockers.

    Domperidone

    • Blocks peripheral D2 receptors, enhancing gastrointestinal motility without crossing the blood-brain barrier, thus avoiding central side effects.
    • Has a weaker antiemetic effect compared to metoclopramide.
    • Therapeutic uses overlap with metoclopramide.

    Bethanechol

    • Stimulates muscarinic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, historically used for GERD and gastroparesis.
    • Rarely used now due to significant cholinergic side effects.

    Erythromycin

    • A macrolide antibiotic that stimulates motilin receptors, promoting gastric motility.
    • Effective for gastroparesis but may lead to rapid tolerance.
    • Used in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage to promote gastric emptying before endoscopy.

    Antacids and Alginate Products

    • Gaviscon combines alginic acid and antacids (e.g., magnesium trisilicate, aluminum hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate).
    • Forms a viscous foam that floats on gastric contents, creating a barrier to prevent reflux.

    Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

    • Defined as the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus due to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
    • Common symptoms include heartburn and chest pain, which may be mistaken for angina pectoris.

    Non-Drug Therapies

    • Lifestyle modifications recommended:
      • Elevation of the head of the bed to reduce nighttime acid exposure.
      • Weight loss to alleviate pressure on the LES.
      • Avoiding triggers such as stress, smoking, spicy foods, alcohol, and ulcerogenic medications (e.g., NSAIDs).

    Drug Therapies

    • Drugs that increase LES pressure:
      • Metoclopramide
      • Domperidone
      • Bethanechol
      • Erythromycin
    • Drugs that decrease LES pressure:
      • Anticholinergic medications
      • Nitrates
    • Decrease HCl secretion using:
      • H2 blockers
      • Proton pump inhibitors
    • Prokinetic medications enhance gastrointestinal motility.
    • Antacids and formulations like Gaviscon serve as neutralizing agents.
    • Surgical interventions considered if medical management fails.

    Prokinetic Drugs

    • Increase upper gastrointestinal motility and enhance gastric emptying.
    • Include:
      • Dopamine antagonists (Metoclopramide, Domperidone)
      • Serotonin (5-HT4) agonists (Mosapride)
      • Cholinomimetic agents (Bethanechol)
      • Macrolide antibiotics (Erythromycin)

    Metoclopramide

    • Increases LES tone and enhances gastric motility by blocking dopamine receptors.
    • Antiemetic effects result from D2 receptor blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone.
    • Therapeutic uses:
      • Treats GERD and enhances gastric emptying in conditions like diabetic gastroparesis.
      • Administered before procedures to prevent aspiration and nausea.
    • Adverse effects include sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, and hyperprolactinemia.
    • Drug interactions may escalate extrapyramidal effects when combined with other dopamine blockers.

    Domperidone

    • Blocks peripheral D2 receptors, enhancing gastrointestinal motility without crossing the blood-brain barrier, thus avoiding central side effects.
    • Has a weaker antiemetic effect compared to metoclopramide.
    • Therapeutic uses overlap with metoclopramide.

    Bethanechol

    • Stimulates muscarinic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, historically used for GERD and gastroparesis.
    • Rarely used now due to significant cholinergic side effects.

    Erythromycin

    • A macrolide antibiotic that stimulates motilin receptors, promoting gastric motility.
    • Effective for gastroparesis but may lead to rapid tolerance.
    • Used in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage to promote gastric emptying before endoscopy.

    Antacids and Alginate Products

    • Gaviscon combines alginic acid and antacids (e.g., magnesium trisilicate, aluminum hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate).
    • Forms a viscous foam that floats on gastric contents, creating a barrier to prevent reflux.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the treatment options for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), focusing on lifestyle modifications and medications that improve lower esophageal sphincter function. Understand the symptoms such as heartburn and chest pain, and learn about both non-drug and drug therapies.

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