George Kelly's Theories and Contributions
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Questions and Answers

Where was George Kelly born?

  • Ohio, USA
  • Edinburgh, Scotland
  • New York City, New York
  • Berth, Kansas (correct)

Which degree did Kelly receive from Park College?

  • Bachelor's in Physics and Math (correct)
  • Master's in Education
  • Bachelor's in Sociology
  • Bachelor's in Psychology

What was one of the key areas Kelly worked on after World War II?

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  • Social Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology (correct)

What notable program did George Kelly develop with Julian Rotter?

<p>Clinical Psychology Program (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which institution did Kelly attend for his studies in psychology?

<p>Iowa State University (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Kelly have at Brandels University?

<p>Chair of Behavioral Science (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of clinics did Kelly develop during his clinical psychology practice?

<p>Mobile clinics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant aspect of Kelly's family background?

<p>His parents were fundamentalists. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Constructive Alternativism imply?

<p>There are multiple perspectives and alternative interpretations of the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of a construct according to the Range Corollary?

<p>It is limited to a particular range of events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kelly want people to approach their understanding of the world?

<p>By evaluating hypotheses about the consequences of their behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Experience Corollary?

<p>A person's construction system evolves through experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analogy does Kelly use to describe a healthy person?

<p>A good scientist who adjusts constructs according to new data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Modulation Corollary emphasize?

<p>The limits imposed by the permeability of constructs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perspective on motivation in Kelly's theory?

<p>People are active by nature, regardless of external forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation exemplifies the Fragmentation Corollary?

<p>A man who is protective yet encourages independence in his wife. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kelly suggest about personal statements regarding the world?

<p>They represent hypotheses revealing more about the individual. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects Kelly’s view on self-image?

<p>It is fluid and can change over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is social interaction defined in the context of the Sociality Corollary?

<p>It involves one person interpreting another's construction process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kelly's concept of 'push theories' relate to?

<p>The internal motivations that drive individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Range Corollary imply about the application of constructs?

<p>Constructs are only useful in limited contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key idea does the Experience Corollary emphasize about learning?

<p>Learning is enriched through successive construing of events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Kelly define the role of the Self in personality?

<p>As a mask that hides one's true nature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pull theories' refer to in the context of Kelly's framework?

<p>The purposes and values that guide behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is least aligned with Kelly's views on behavior?

<p>Actions are predetermined by external factors beyond control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Individuality Corollary emphasize about people's construction of events?

<p>People's interpretations of events can vary significantly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of the Organization Corollary in relation to a person's constructs?

<p>Constructs are arranged in a hierarchical manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a dichotomous construct according to the Dichotomy Corollary?

<p>A construct that consists of opposite pairs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Choice Corollary suggest about how people make choices?

<p>Choices improve future anticipations of events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a person's construction system evolve according to the Organization Corollary?

<p>It continuously evolves with new experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to form a construct, based on the Dichotomy Corollary?

<p>Identifying similarities and contrasting opposite events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the principles of the Choice Corollary?

<p>Decisions are made to either define or extend construct systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of dichotomous constructs as indicated in the Dichotomy Corollary?

<p>They oversimplify complex situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do people develop different anticipations of the same events according to the Individuality Corollary?

<p>As a result of their unique approaches to interpreting events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ordinal relationships play in the Organization Corollary?

<p>They assist in anticipating events through a structured system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of constructs indicates that they are dichotomous?

<p>Bipolar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which corollary relates to how a person anticipates events through previous experiences?

<p>Experience corollary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'permeability' refer to in the context of constructs?

<p>The ease with which constructs can be changed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which corollary suggests that an individual’s processes are directed by anticipations?

<p>Fundamental Postulate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'core' construct?

<p>It is central to a person’s understanding of themselves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Range of Convenience refer to in Personal Construct Theory?

<p>The scope of applications for specific constructs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following corollaries deals with the triggering of other constructs?

<p>Constellatory corollary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Choice corollary indicate about human behavior?

<p>Individuals choose constructs based on past experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is associated with the Organization corollary?

<p>How various constructs are prioritized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fragmentation' refer to in Personal Construct Theory?

<p>Inconsistency in a person’s judgments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

When and where was George Kelly born?

George Kelly was born in a farm in Berth, Kansas, USA on April 28, 1905.

What were George Kelly's parents' professions?

His father was a Presbyterian minister and his mother a school teacher.

What were Kelly's parents' religious beliefs?

Kelly's parents were fundamentalists in their religious beliefs.

Describe Kelly's early education.

Kelly was tutored by his parents; his early education was in a one-room school house.

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What degrees did Kelly earn and from which institutions?

In 1926, he received his college degree in physics and math from Park College and MA in Sociology from the University of Kansas.

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What fellowship and degree did Kelly earn in Scotland?

In 1929 he was awarded a Fellowship at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where he earned his BS in Education the following year.

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Where did Kelly study psychology after returning to America?

Also in 1930 Kelly returned to America and studied psychology at the Iowa State University.

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What did Kelly do after studying psychology?

He practiced clinical psychology and developed travelling clinics, which serviced the state public system.

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Construct

A mental representation that categorizes objects or events based on their similarities and differences.

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Bipolar Constructs

Constructs have two opposing poles.

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Range of Convenience

The range of objects or events to which a construct applies.

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Locus of Convenience

The class of objects or events for which a construct is most relevant.

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Permeability

The ease with which new objects or events can be added to the construct.

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Preemptive Construct

A construct that dominates other constructs when considering an object.

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Constellatory Construct

A construct that triggers other constructs without additional information.

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Propositional Construct

A construct that doesn't influence other judgments about an object.

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Core Constructs

Constructs that are essential to a person's identity and sense of self.

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Peripheral Constructs

Constructs that are less central to a person's identity and more amenable to change.

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Constructive Alternativism

Kelly's theory suggests that there are multiple ways to understand the world, and we choose our own perspectives based on our experiences.

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Subjectivity of Experience

Kelly believed that how we interpret events is more important than the events themselves. Our understanding of the world shapes our actions and feelings.

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Man-the-Scientist

Kelly viewed humans as scientists, constantly testing hypotheses about the world and adjusting their views based on the results.

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Healthy vs. Unhealthy Construer

Healthy individuals are like good scientists, constantly updating their understanding of the world, while unhealthy individuals are like bad scientists clinging to outdated beliefs.

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Statements & Construal

Kelly believed that our statements about the world reflect more about our own perspectives than the objective reality of the world.

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Motivation & Choice

Instead of forces pushing us, Kelly believed that we are motivated by the possibilities we see in the world based on our understanding.

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Rejection of Traditional Motivational Theories

Kelly argued that concepts like drive, stimulus, and need are unnecessary because people are active beings by nature.

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Fluid Self-Image

Kelly believed that the self is not a fixed entity, but a fluid concept influenced by our experiences and how we interpret them.

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Rejection of Fixed Self

Kelly rejected the idea of a single, unchanging self, arguing that our self-image is influenced by the roles we play and the expectations we hold about ourselves.

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Predictive & Meaning Making

Kelly believed that we constantly try to predict and understand the world and create meaning in our experiences.

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Range Corollary

A construct's usefulness is limited by the type of events and objects it can be applied to. For example, the construct 'bright' is useful for describing a computer screen but not the taste of coffee.

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Experience Corollary

Our construction system changes over time as we encounter new experiences, refine our understandings, and reevaluate our assumptions.

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Modulation Corollary

The ease with which new events or objects are incorporated into a construct depends on the construct's permeability. More permeable constructs are more open to change.

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Fragmentation Corollary

We can hold seemingly conflicting or contradictory constructs, even though they seem incompatible. For example, a person might be protective of their partner while also promoting their partner's independence.

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Sociality Corollary

Understanding someone else's construction process allows us to engage with them socially. By understanding their perspective, we can better navigate social interactions.

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Individuality Corollary

People interpret events differently, not just due to experiences, but because they have developed unique ways of predicting them.

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Organization Corollary

Each person creates a mental framework, arranging their thoughts in a hierarchy, to predict and handle future events.

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Dichotomy Corollary

A person's thoughts are organized in pairs of opposite ideas, helping them understand and predict.

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Choice Corollary

We make choices that either confirm our existing beliefs or expand them, aiming to improve our ability to predict future events.

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How do people's unique perspectives influence their predictions?

People differ in how they anticipate events because of their unique experiences and construction systems.

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How does a person's mental framework work?

A person's mental framework is organized in a specific hierarchical structure.

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What is the idea behind using opposites?

Our minds categorize events into contrasting pairs to understand and predict.

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How do choices affect our understanding of the world?

Making choices impacts our mental frameworks, either reinforcing existing beliefs or expanding them.

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How does the contrast between opposite concepts contribute to understanding?

To understand an event, we compare it to its opposite, which helps us identify similarities and contrasts.

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Why do we choose to strengthen existing beliefs or expand them?

Our choices are driven by the desire to improve our ability to predict future events.

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Study Notes

Personal Construct Theory - George Kelly

  • George Kelly was born on April 28, 1905, in a Kansas farm
  • His father was a Presbyterian minister and his mother a school teacher
  • Kelly was tutored by his parents in his early life, and attended a one-room school house
  • In 1926, he received a college degree in physics and math from Park College, and a Master's degree in Sociology from the University of Kansas
  • In 1929 he was awarded a Fellowship at the University of Edinburgh, and earned a BS in Education the following year
  • Later, he returned to America and studied psychology at Iowa State University
  • He practiced clinical psychology and developed traveling clinics that serviced the state public system
  • He taught drama at Sheldon College, and met his wife, Gladys Thompson
  • After WWII, he joined the faculty of Ohio State University, where he became director of clinical psychology
  • He and Julian Rotter developed a clinical psychology program, considered one of the best in the country
  • In 1965, Kelly moved to Brandels University and became Chair of Behavioral Science
  • He died on March 6, 1967, at the age of 62

Basic Assumptions

  • Constructive Alternativism: There are various ways to understand the world, with different perspectives always available.
  • Man-the-Scientist: People create hypotheses about their behavior's consequences, and evaluate the accuracy of these hypotheses through predictions.
  • Interpretation of events: An individuals interpretation of events is more critical than the events themselves
  • Constructs: An individual interprets events based on personal constructs (similar to a cognitive framework)
  • Kelly saw people as active and engaged with the world, not merely reacting to forces. His view is that people use constructs to understand and anticipate events.

Features of Constructs

  • Bipolar: Constructs are dichotomous (opposing pairs)
  • Range of Convenience: Limited range of applicability to specific events
  • Locus of Convenience: Constructs are most relevant to specific areas/types of objects/events
  • Permeability: Easy to extend a construct to new objects/events
  • Preemptive: Nothing else matters except how an event is construed based on the relevant construct
  • Constellatory: Triggers for other relevant constructs without further information
  • Propositional: Constructions do not lead to other judgements about the object
  • Core: Fundamental constructs to a person's self-perception
  • Peripheral: Less fundamental, more likely to change

Fundamental Postulate and Corollaries

  • Fundamental Postulate: A person's processes are channelized by their anticipation of events.
  • Construction Corollary: A person anticipates events by constructing similar experiences. Similar events will form a construct
  • Individuality Corollary: People differ from one another in their constructions of events.
  • Organization Corollary: People organize their constructs into a hierarchy for convenience in anticipating events.
  • Dichotomy Corollary: Constructs are comprised of opposite poles or characteristics
  • Choice Corollary: The alternative chosen in a dichotomous construct is the one anticipated for greater growth and expansion
  • Range Corollary: Each construct is limited to a specific range of convenience and applicability
  • Experience Corollary: Constructs are modified when new experiences validate or invalidate anticipated outcomes
  • Modulation Corollary: Construct modification is limited by the permeability of the construct's range of applicability and whether it is open to modification
  • Fragmentation Corollary: A person's belief system can contain subsystems with varying viewpoints or constructions that might be incompatible
  • Sociality Corollary: To the extent that one understands the thought process of another, that understanding impacts the interpersonal relationship
  • Commonality Corollary: People whose experiences are similar will form similar constructs.

Continuum of Cognitive Awareness

  • Preverbal Constructs: Cognitive frameworks that exist outside of language.
  • Submerged constructs: One side of a bipolar construct is not as easily accessible as the other
  • Suspended constructs: Ideas and memories are not easily accessible unless they are tied to a construct in the construct system

A Last Look

  • Clients are the best source of information for themselves
  • Kelly's contributions were important to clinical psychology, emphasizing patient's cognition
  • His work lacked empirical support (lack of empirical basis)
  • He overlooked emotions, which are frequently significant in both normal and pathological cases

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Description

Test your knowledge on the life and work of psychologist George Kelly. This quiz covers his education, key concepts like Constructive Alternativism, and significant contributions to clinical psychology. Dive deep into the theories that shaped his perspective on human understanding and motivation.

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