Questions and Answers
Who was the first president of the United States under the new government?
What did the Judicial Act of 1789 establish?
a federal court system
What is the Department of State responsible for?
dealing with foreign affairs
What does the Department of War handle?
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What does the Department of Treasury manage?
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What is the Cabinet?
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Who was appointed as Secretary of State by Washington?
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Who was President Washington's Secretary of War?
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Who served as Secretary of Treasury under Washington?
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What is the Bank of the United States?
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What was James Madison's stance on the national bank?
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What does agrarian mean?
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What does laissez faire advocate?
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What is meant by a two-party system?
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Who were the Federalists?
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What did the Democratic-Republicans believe?
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What is a protective tariff?
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What does excise tax refer to?
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What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
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What is neutrality in foreign policy?
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Who was Edmond Genet?
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What did Thomas Pinckney negotiate with Spain?
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What did Pinckney's Treaty achieve?
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What comprises the Northwest Territory?
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Who was Little Turtle?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
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Who was John Jay?
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What did the Jay Treaty accomplish?
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What was the XYZ Affair?
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What was President John Adams' approach to the XYZ Affair?
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What is diplomacy in foreign policy?
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What is sectionalism?
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What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?
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What did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions refuse to obey?
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What does nullification refer to?
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What is the USS Constitution?
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What happened in the presidential election of 1800?
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What did the 12th Amendment call for?
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What was Jefferson's approach during his presidency?
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Who was John Marshall?
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What did the Judiciary Act of 1801 do?
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What were midnight judges?
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What was established by Marbury v. Madison?
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What is judicial review?
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What was the Louisiana Purchase?
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Who were Lewis and Clark?
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Who was Sacajawea?
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What are impressments?
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What is a blockade?
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What is an embargo?
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Who was General William Henry Harrison?
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Who was Tecumseh?
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Who were the War Hawks?
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Who was Andrew Jackson?
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What was the War of 1812?
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What was the Treaty of Ghent?
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Study Notes
George Washington
- First president under the new government, implementing foundational policies.
- Established key executive departments: State, War, and Treasury.
- Created a judicial system and appointed a Cabinet.
- Moved the capital to Washington, D.C., enhancing its political significance.
Judicial Act of 1789
- Established a federal court system with the ability to appeal state court decisions on constitutional issues.
Executive Departments
- Department of State: Responsible for foreign affairs.
- Department of War: Managed military matters.
- Department of Treasury: Handled finances and economic policies.
The Cabinet
- Comprised of chief advisors to the president, playing crucial roles in governance.
Key Figures
- Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State advocating strong state governments and opposing the national bank.
- Henry Knox: Secretary of War under Washington.
- Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of Treasury, favored strong central government and established the Bank of the United States.
- James Madison: Opposed the national bank, fearing government ties to wealthy interests.
Bank of the United States
- Established by Hamilton to handle government funds and issued paper money.
Economic Concepts
- Agrarian: Relating to agriculture; favored by Jefferson.
- Laissez-faire: Economic policy advocating minimal government intervention.
- Protective Tariff: Tax on imported goods to increase federal revenue.
- Excise Tax: Sales tax on domestic goods, notably the whiskey tax leading to the Whiskey Rebellion.
Political Landscape
- Rise of Federalists and Democratic-Republicans highlighting differing views on government power.
- Federalists favored a strong central government; Democratic-Republicans preferred stronger state governance.
- The emergence of a two-party system, impacting elections and policy.
Foreign Policy
- Neutrality: Washington's foreign policy of avoiding alliances.
- Edmond Genet: French diplomat challenging U.S. neutrality.
- Pinckney's Treaty: Treaty with Spain that opened the Mississippi River for American use and expansion.
- Jay Treaty: Agreement with Britain to withdraw from Northwest Territory forts.
Conflicts and Reactions
- Whiskey Rebellion: Farmers’ revolt against the excise tax, showcasing tensions in federal authority.
- XYZ Affair: Incident where French officials demanded bribes, heightening tensions with France.
- Alien and Sedition Acts: Laws limiting immigration and punishing criticism of the government, leading to political backlash.
Jeffersonian Era
- Jefferson Presidency: Advocated for reduced federal government power, cut military spending, and reversed Hamilton’s economic policies.
- 12th Amendment: Revised electoral process to prevent ties in electoral votes.
Judicial Developments
- Marbury v. Madison: Landmark case establishing judicial review; the Supreme Court's ability to declare laws unconstitutional.
- Judiciary Act of 1801: Expanded the number of justices on the Supreme Court.
Expansion
- Louisiana Purchase: Significant land acquisition from France that doubled the size of the U.S.; facilitated Westward expansion.
- Lewis and Clark Expedition: Commissioned to explore and map the new territory, with Native guide Sacajawea aiding the journey.
War of 1812
- Conflict with Great Britain driven by issues such as impressments and trade restrictions.
- Andrew Jackson: Notable military leader during the war, particularly known for victories at the Battle of New Orleans.
- Treaty of Ghent: Ended the War of 1812, returning U.S.-British relations to pre-war status.
Nationalism
- War of 1812 fostered a sense of national pride symbolized by "Uncle Sam."
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Description
Explore the foundational policies and key figures of George Washington's presidency. This quiz covers the establishment of executive departments, the Judicial Act of 1789, and notable cabinet members like Jefferson and Hamilton. Test your knowledge on the early years of the United States government.