Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of stress is characterized by unequal forces acting in different directions?
Which type of stress is characterized by unequal forces acting in different directions?
- Confining stress
- Uniform compressional stress
- Differential stress (correct)
- Uniform stress
Brittle deformation results in permanent shape change in rocks.
Brittle deformation results in permanent shape change in rocks.
True (A)
What are the three stages of rock deformation?
What are the three stages of rock deformation?
Elastic Deformation, Ductile Deformation, Fracturing (Brittle) Deformation
The type of stress where rocks are pulled apart is called _____ stress.
The type of stress where rocks are pulled apart is called _____ stress.
Match the type of deformation with its description:
Match the type of deformation with its description:
Which type of deformation occurs after reaching the elastic limit?
Which type of deformation occurs after reaching the elastic limit?
Strain refers to the applied force on a material per unit area.
Strain refers to the applied force on a material per unit area.
The movement of tectonic plates creates _____ that cause rocks to deform.
The movement of tectonic plates creates _____ that cause rocks to deform.
Which type of fault is characterized by vertical displacement?
Which type of fault is characterized by vertical displacement?
All types of faults are examples of brittle deformation.
All types of faults are examples of brittle deformation.
What is the primary movement associated with strike-slip faults?
What is the primary movement associated with strike-slip faults?
In an oblique fault, the movement is a combination of _____ and _____ displacements.
In an oblique fault, the movement is a combination of _____ and _____ displacements.
Match the fault types with their descriptions:
Match the fault types with their descriptions:
What is the key characteristic of a plunging fold?
What is the key characteristic of a plunging fold?
In a syncline, the oldest rock is located at the center.
In a syncline, the oldest rock is located at the center.
What type of deformation results in the rock bending or folding?
What type of deformation results in the rock bending or folding?
Fracture/Brittle deformation results in a permanent change where the rock bends without breaking.
Fracture/Brittle deformation results in a permanent change where the rock bends without breaking.
What shape is associated with an anticline?
What shape is associated with an anticline?
A _____ is formed when there is central uplift of rocks, with the youngest at the sides.
A _____ is formed when there is central uplift of rocks, with the youngest at the sides.
What are the two limbs of a fold called in its anatomy?
What are the two limbs of a fold called in its anatomy?
The line made by the length-wise intersection of the axial plane with beds in a fold is called the _____
The line made by the length-wise intersection of the axial plane with beds in a fold is called the _____
Which type of fault involves both vertical and lateral displacement?
Which type of fault involves both vertical and lateral displacement?
In an antiform, the rock at the center is known to be the youngest.
In an antiform, the rock at the center is known to be the youngest.
Which of the following best describes symmetric folds?
Which of the following best describes symmetric folds?
Asymmetric folds have limbs that are symmetrical about the axial plane.
Asymmetric folds have limbs that are symmetrical about the axial plane.
What type of folding is characterized by downward bending?
What type of folding is characterized by downward bending?
What type of deformation involves irreversible changes to rocks, leading to folds or wrinkles?
What type of deformation involves irreversible changes to rocks, leading to folds or wrinkles?
Match the landform with its corresponding feature:
Match the landform with its corresponding feature:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Flashcards
Stress
Stress
Force acting on a rock per unit area.
Strain
Strain
Change in shape or volume of a material due to stress.
Compressional Stress
Compressional Stress
Stress that squeezes and shortens a rock.
Tensional Stress
Tensional Stress
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Shear Stress
Shear Stress
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Elastic Deformation
Elastic Deformation
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Ductile Deformation
Ductile Deformation
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Brittle Deformation
Brittle Deformation
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Rock Deformation
Rock Deformation
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What are the two main types of rock deformation?
What are the two main types of rock deformation?
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What is the axial plane?
What is the axial plane?
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What is a fold axis?
What is a fold axis?
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What are limbs in a fold?
What are limbs in a fold?
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Symmetrical folds?
Symmetrical folds?
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Horizontal Fold
Horizontal Fold
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Plunging Fold
Plunging Fold
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Anticline
Anticline
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Syncline
Syncline
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Antiform
Antiform
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Synform
Synform
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Dome
Dome
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Basin
Basin
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Dip-Slip Fault
Dip-Slip Fault
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Normal Fault
Normal Fault
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Reverse Fault
Reverse Fault
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Strike-Slip Fault
Strike-Slip Fault
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Oblique Fault
Oblique Fault
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Study Notes
Week 10: Rock Deformation
- The movement of tectonic plates causes stresses that deform rocks.
- Rock deformation involves changes in the volume and/or shape of a rock mass.
- Learning objectives include:
- Understanding the difference between stress and strain.
- Identifying different types of stress (uniform, differential, compressional, tensional, shear).
- Differentiating brittle from ductile deformation.
- Recognizing landforms created by rock deformation and correlating deformation type with stress.
- Stress is the force applied to a rock per unit area.
- Uniform/confining stress is equal in all directions.
- Differential stress is not equal in all directions and includes compressional, tensional, and shear stresses.
- Strain is the deformation or change in shape of a material resulting from applied forces.
- Stages of deformation:
- Elastic deformation: reversible, non-permanent; rock returns to its original shape when stress is removed.
- Ductile/plastic deformation: irreversible, permanent change in volume or shape; rock bends or folds.
- Brittle deformation: permanent strain with rock breaking or fracturing.
- Types of Folds:
- Symmetric folds: Axial plane is vertical; limbs on either side are mirror images.
- Asymmetric folds: Axial plane is tilted; limbs are not symmetrical.
- Horizontal folds: Fold axis is horizontal.
- Plunging folds: Fold axis is not horizontal, the crest plunges into the ground.
- Landforms:
- Domes: Central uplift, youngest rock at the sides, oldest in the center.
- Basins: Central sinking, oldest rock at the sides, youngest in the center.
- Anticlines: Oldest rock at the center; upfolding (A-shaped).
- Synclines: Youngest rock at the center; downfolding (U shaped).
- Antiforms: No known age, upfolding (A-shaped).
- Synforms: No known age, downfolding (U-shaped).
Fault Anatomy
- Faults are fractures in rock showing displacement on either side of the trace.
- Dip-slip faults: display vertical displacement.
- Normal fault: extensional stress; hanging wall moves down relative to footwall.
- Reverse fault: compressional stress; hanging wall moves up relative to footwall.
- Thrust fault: compressional stress; low-angle reverse fault.
- Strike-slip faults: display lateral displacement.
- Left-lateral strike-slip fault: objects on side A appear to move left relative to side B.
- Right-lateral strike-slip fault: objects on side A appear to move right relative to side B
- Oblique faults: combine dip-slip and strike-slip movement
- Dip-slip faults: display vertical displacement.
- Fault terminology includes:
- Hanging wall: the block above the fault plane
- Footwall: the block below the fault plane
- Fault plane: the surface along which the movement occurs
- Slip vector: the direction and amount of movement along the fault
- Fault scarp: the topographic feature caused by the fault.
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