Geology Chapter on Earth Processes
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What is the primary result of volcanic activity in the context of crustal formation?

  • Displacement of existing crust
  • Erosion of older rock formations
  • Formation of sedimentary rock layers
  • Addition of new material from magma to the surface (correct)

Which process is responsible for creating normal faults?

  • Shear forces
  • Compressional forces
  • Isostatic adjustments
  • Tensional forces (correct)

What are anticlines and synclines examples of?

  • Folding structures (correct)
  • Depositional features
  • Weathering processes
  • Fault types

Which of the following best describes accretion of terranes?

<p>Transport and attachment of small crustal fragments to larger masses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Broad warping is primarily caused by which of the following?

<p>Mantle processes or isostatic adjustments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fault is characterized by horizontal movement due to shear forces?

<p>Strike-slip fault (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about continental shields?

<p>They consist mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is created by faulting?

<p>Grabens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid that dissolves limestone?

<p>Carbonation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of climate is most likely to accelerate chemical weathering?

<p>Warm, wet climate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of frost wedging in physical weathering?

<p>Water freezing in rock cracks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of karst landscapes?

<p>Underground drainage systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the rate of physical weathering in a given area?

<p>Rock composition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of weathering results in the rounding of angular rock fragments?

<p>Spheroidal weathering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of karst feature is formed from the collapse of the roof of a cave?

<p>Sinkhole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of hydrolysis in chemical weathering?

<p>Minerals react with water to form new minerals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes differential weathering from other types of weathering?

<p>Different rocks weather at different rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical weathering process is most commonly associated with arid climates?

<p>Salt-crystal growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which weathering process involves the peeling off of outer layers of rocks?

<p>Exfoliation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the formation of caves and caverns?

<p>They are created by the dissolution of limestone over thousands of years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of karst formation is characterized by steep-sided towers of rock?

<p>Tower karst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of vegetation in weathering processes?

<p>It contributes to weathering through root expansion and organic acid production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines mass movement in geological terms?

<p>It involves the gravity-driven movement of rock and soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs to iron-containing minerals during oxidation?

<p>They react with oxygen and water, turning reddish-brown. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as air rises over a mountain range during orographic lifting?

<p>The air cools and moisture may condense. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side of a mountain range typically experiences rainfall due to orographic lifting?

<p>Windward side (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of front is associated with rapid, intense weather changes?

<p>Cold Front (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In frontal lifting, what happens to warm air when it is forced over colder air?

<p>It cools and causes precipitation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a midlatitude cyclone?

<p>A weather system forming at low-pressure centers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor causing weather changes at a front?

<p>Differing temperatures and densities of air masses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typical of the leeward side of a mountain range?

<p>Drier conditions and potential rain shadow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of precipitation is typically associated with warm fronts?

<p>Light rain or snow ahead of the front. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of La Niña?

<p>Stronger-than-normal trade winds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force primarily causes air movement due to differences in atmospheric pressure?

<p>Pressure Gradient Force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Coriolis Force affect wind direction?

<p>It deflects wind to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. (A), It deflects wind to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which atmospheric pattern primarily influences tropical wind and precipitation variations?

<p>Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does friction force have on wind behavior?

<p>Slows down wind speed as it interacts with surfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which oceanic circulation pattern is crucial for global heat distribution?

<p>Thermohaline Circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of heightened trade winds during a La Niña event?

<p>Increase in hurricanes in the Atlantic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effect of isobar spacing on wind speed?

<p>Closer isobars result in faster wind speeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sensible heat refer to?

<p>Heat that can be measured with a thermometer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does altitude affect temperature?

<p>Temperature decreases with altitude. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of the Fahrenheit scale?

<p>Used primarily in the United States. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences temperature by mitigating heat absorption and release?

<p>Cloud cover. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the boiling point of water in Celsius?

<p>100°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the thermal equator in January compared to July?

<p>It shifts southward in January. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature control factor contributes to larger temperature ranges near the poles?

<p>Latitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does water heat and cool more slowly than land?

<p>Water has more specific heat and evaporation rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Continental Shields

Ancient, stable portions of continents, primarily composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks formed billions of years ago. Often covered by younger sedimentary layers.

Volcanic Activity

A process that adds new material to the Earth's crust through the eruption of magma onto the surface.

Sediment Deposition

The process of sediment accumulating over time, eventually being compressed into sedimentary rock, adding to the thickness of the Earth's crust.

Tectonic Uplift

A process that raises portions of the Earth's crust, often exposing older rocks.

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Folding

Wavy bends in rock layers caused by compressional forces. Anticlines are upward-arching folds, while synclines are downward-trough folds.

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Broad Warping

Large-scale upward or downward movements of the Earth's crust, often caused by mantle processes.

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Faulting

Fractures in the Earth's crust where displacement occurs. There are three main types: Normal, Reverse, and Strike-Slip.

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Accreted Terranes

Small crustal fragments that have been transported and stuck onto larger continental masses, often identifiable by their distinct geology compared to surrounding areas.

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Physical Weathering

A type of weathering that involves the mechanical breakdown of rocks without changing their chemical composition.

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Chemical Weathering

A type of weathering that involves chemical reactions that change the composition of rocks, often forming new minerals.

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Frost Wedging

A type of physical weathering where water freezes in cracks of rocks, expands, and breaks the rock apart.

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Salt Weathering

A type of physical weathering where salt crystals grow in rock pores, putting pressure on the rock and causing it to break apart.

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Exfoliation

A type of physical weathering where rocks brought to the surface from deep within the Earth expand and peel off in sheets due to pressure release.

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Hydration

A process where minerals absorb water and expand, causing them to break apart.

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Hydrolysis

A process where minerals react with water, changing their chemical composition and forming new minerals.

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Oxidation

A process where iron-containing minerals react with oxygen and water, causing the iron to rust and turn reddish-brown.

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Sensible Heat

Heat that can be measured with a thermometer and is responsible for the temperature of the air.

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Ground Heating and Cooling

The process by which heat is absorbed or released by the Earth's surface, influencing temperature changes over time.

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Heat

The total energy of molecular motion.

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Spheroidal Weathering

A process where rocks become more rounded due to uneven weathering, with edges and corners weathering faster than flat faces.

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Dissolution (Carbonation)

The process of dissolving limestone and other carbonate minerals due to the reaction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with water, forming carbonic acid.

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Temperature

Measures the average kinetic energy of molecules.

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Celsius (°C)

Temperature scales used internationally, with freezing point at 0°C and boiling point at 100°C.

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Differential Weathering

Weathering that happens at different rates for different types of rocks, creating uneven landscapes. Softer rocks erode quicker than harder rocks.

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Karst Topography

Landscapes shaped by the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone, dolomite, or gypsum, featuring underground drainage and unique surface features.

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Latitude and Temperature

Areas near the equator experience higher average temperatures and smaller temperature ranges.

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Altitude/Elevation and Temperature

Temperature decreases with altitude. Higher elevations tend to have cooler temperatures due to thinner air and lower ability to absorb heat.

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Sinkholes

Depressions formed when the roof of a cave collapses or surface material dissolves away.

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Cockpit Karst

Landscapes with steep-sided, circular depressions (sinkholes) surrounded by ridges.

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Cloud Cover and Temperature

Clouds increase albedo and moderate temperatures by cooling days and warming nights.

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Tower Karst

Isolated, steep-sided towers of rock formed in areas with heavy rainfall and high dissolution rates.

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Mass Movement Processes

The downslope movement of rock, soil, and debris due to gravity, ranging from slow flows to rapid slides.

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Orographic Lifting

Warm, moist air is forced upward by mountains, leading to condensation and precipitation on the mountain's windward side, while the leeward side experiences drier conditions (rain shadow).

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Frontal Lifting

The boundary between two air masses with different temperatures, humidity, and density. The warmer, less dense air rises over the colder, denser air.

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Cold Front Lifting

A cold front is the boundary where colder air pushes under warmer air, forcing it upward and causing rain. Typically results in quick, intense weather like thunderstorms.

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Warm Front Lifting

A warm front is the boundary where warm air gradually moves over colder air, causing slower, more prolonged precipitation. Often associated with light rain or snow.

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Cyclonic System

A large-scale weather system with a low-pressure center, where air converges and rises. It can produce significant weather patterns, including storms, precipitation, and severe events.

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Midlatitude Cyclone

A large-scale weather system that forms along the polar front between warm tropical air and cold polar air. It has a low-pressure center and associated cold and warm fronts.

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Convective Lifting

The process where warm, moist air rises, cools, and condenses, forming clouds and potentially leading to precipitation.

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Thermal Lifting

Occurs when air rises due to uneven heating of the Earth's surface. Warm air near the surface is less dense and rises, creating an upward flow of air.

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Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)

The force that drives air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, causing wind.

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Coriolis Force

The apparent force that deflects moving objects, including wind, to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere due to Earth's rotation.

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Friction Force

The force that slows down wind due to friction with Earth's surface, especially over rough terrain.

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Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

The boundary between the trade winds of the two hemispheres, characterized by low pressure, warm temperatures, and abundant precipitation.

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Jet Streams

Bands of strong winds in the upper atmosphere that flow from west to east, playing a significant role in global weather patterns.

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El Niño

A recurring climate pattern characterized by unusually warm surface temperatures in the central Pacific Ocean, leading to altered weather patterns.

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Thermohaline Circulation

The circulation of ocean water driven by differences in temperature and salinity, playing a crucial role in distributing heat globally.

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Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)

A cyclical pattern in the Pacific Ocean characterized by alternating periods of warmer and cooler waters in the north Pacific, affecting long-term climate trends.

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Study Notes

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Description

This quiz explores various geological processes such as volcanic activity, fault formation, and weathering mechanisms. Questions cover concepts related to crustal formation, types of faults, climate effects on weathering, and the characteristics of geological features like karst landscapes. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of Earth sciences.

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