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Questions and Answers
Which hazard is caused by volcanic eruption?
Which hazard is caused by volcanic eruption?
What does the term 'liquefaction' refer to in the context of an earthquake?
What does the term 'liquefaction' refer to in the context of an earthquake?
Which type of process is responsible for tropical cyclones?
Which type of process is responsible for tropical cyclones?
What is a primary cause of coastal erosion?
What is a primary cause of coastal erosion?
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Which step is essential for disaster preparedness?
Which step is essential for disaster preparedness?
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What does 'strain' refer to in the context of geology?
What does 'strain' refer to in the context of geology?
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Which of the following statements best describes ductile strain?
Which of the following statements best describes ductile strain?
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In which era did jawed fish first appear according to the geologic timescale?
In which era did jawed fish first appear according to the geologic timescale?
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What is the primary characteristic of elastic strain in rocks?
What is the primary characteristic of elastic strain in rocks?
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Which theory proposes that life originated from micro-organisms brought to Earth from space?
Which theory proposes that life originated from micro-organisms brought to Earth from space?
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What type of fault occurs when rocks break due to stress?
What type of fault occurs when rocks break due to stress?
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Which eon is associated with the formation of Earth and is the oldest on the geologic timescale?
Which eon is associated with the formation of Earth and is the oldest on the geologic timescale?
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Which of the following best describes the Theory of Special Creation?
Which of the following best describes the Theory of Special Creation?
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Study Notes
Geologic Timescale
- Eon: the longest geologic subdivision
- Era: "periods" grouped by characteristics
- Epoch: subdivision of periods
- Period: basic unit of geological time, specific rock system produced
Precambrian Eon
- More than 85% of Earth's history (4.6 billion years ago to 540 million years ago)
- Hadean Eon (4.6 billion years ago): solidification of Earth's crust (continental and oceanic)
- Archean Eon (4 billion years ago): evolution of Earth's first life forms
Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Billion Years Ago)
- Appearance of multicellular animals
- Gathering of landmasses to form continents
Phanerozoic Eon
- Paleozoic Era (544 million years ago): explosion of diverse marine life, largest mass extinction of marine organisms
- Permian Period (298.9 MYA)
- Pennsylvanian Period (323.2 MYA)
- Mississippian Period (358.9 MYA)
- Devonian Period (419.2 MYA)
- Silurian Period (443.8 MYA)
- Ordovician Period (485.4 MYA)
- Cambrian Period (541.0 MYA)
- Animals in Paleozoic Era: Cockroaches, Jawed Fish
- Mesozoic Era (245 million years ago): beginning of dinosaurs, mammals, birds, and plants (mass extinction)
- Cretaceous Period (145.0 MYA)
- Jurassic Period (201.3 MYA)
- Triassic Period (251.9 MYA)
- Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago - now): most recent era, age of mammals, human evolution
- Holocene Period (0.01 MYA)
- Pliocene Period (5.3 MYA)
Types of Rock Stress
- Compression: squeezing rocks together
- Tension: rocks pulled apart
- Shear: forces parallel but moving in opposite directions
Rock Responses to Stress
- Elastic Strain: reversible, returns to original shape when stress removed
- Ductile Strain (plastic deformation): irreversible, rock doesn't return to original shape
Geologic Stress: Folding and Faulting of Rocks
- Stress: force per unit area in a rock
- Strain: deformation (change in shape) in a rock
- Faulting: strain where rocks break
- Folding: strain where rocks bend, curve, and crumple (e.g. monocline, anticline)
- Three Main Fault Types: normal, reverse, strike-slip
Hazards
- Something that may cause harm (death, injury, loss of property)
Risks
- Chance of harm from a hazard
Different Earth Processes
- Geologic
- Hydrometeorological
- Coastal and Marine
- Geologic processes
Earthquakes
- Hazards caused by earthquakes: Tsunami, Liquefaction (soil softening, from solid, and gas to liquid), Landslide, Ground Shaking, Surface Faulting
Volcanic Eruptions
- Hazards caused by Volcanic Eruptions: Pyroclastic Phenomena (mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly), Lava, Lahar (volcanic mudflow)
- Pacific Ring of Fire: tectonic belt of earthquakes and active volcanoes
Hydrometeorological Hazards
- Tropical Cyclone types: Tropical Depression (wind pressure lower than 62kph), Tropical Storm (wind pressure 63kph to 117kph), Hurricane (Atlantic Ocean), Typhoon (Pacific Ocean), Cyclone (Indian Ocean)
Monsoon
- A seasonal shift in wind direction and pressure distribution, causing precipitation change
- Northeast Monsoon (Amihan): Cool and dry months of November to February
- Southwest Monsoon (Habagat): months of June to October, extensive cloud development and rainfall
Floods
- Water covering land, affecting millions, destroying houses, and impacting farming
- Damages drinking water, creating diseases
Tornados
- Rapidly rotating columns of air extending from thunderstorm clouds to the ground
- Causes severe damage
Coastal Erosion
- Loss of land along coastlines
Tides
- Gravitational pull between the moon and Earth
Waves
- Formed by wind and storms
Sea Level Rises
- Caused by melting glaciers and icebergs
Crustal Movements
- Motion of Earth's outermost shell
Storm Surge
- Rising of seawater due to atmospheric conditions
Saltwater Intrusion
- Seawater flow into freshwater aquifers
Submersion
- Sediment movement from visible beaches to submerged areas
Disaster Preparedness
- Measures and practices to mitigate disaster effects
- Creating and rehearsing an emergency plan, preparing an emergency kit, conducting trainings
- Disaster Response: Actions taken directly before, during, or after a disaster
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Description
Explore the vast history of Earth's geologic timescale, which includes eons, eras, epochs, and periods. From the solidification of Earth's crust in the Hadean Eon to the thriving marine life in the Paleozoic Era, this quiz covers key events and characteristics across different geological timeframes.
