Geologic Timescale Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which hazard is caused by volcanic eruption?

  • Tsunami
  • Pyroclastic phenomena (correct)
  • Ground shaking
  • Landslide

What does the term 'liquefaction' refer to in the context of an earthquake?

  • The breaking of the ground into distinct pieces
  • The rapid movement of lava flow
  • The occurrence of a tsunami
  • The process where soil softens from solid to liquid (correct)

Which type of process is responsible for tropical cyclones?

  • Geologic processes
  • Crustal movements
  • Marine processes
  • Hydrometeorological processes (correct)

What is a primary cause of coastal erosion?

<p>Marine and coastal processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is essential for disaster preparedness?

<p>Creating and rehearsing an emergency plan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'strain' refer to in the context of geology?

<p>The deformation or change in shape in a rock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes ductile strain?

<p>It does not return the rock to its original shape after stress is removed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which era did jawed fish first appear according to the geologic timescale?

<p>Paleozoic Era (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of elastic strain in rocks?

<p>It is a reversible change in shape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory proposes that life originated from micro-organisms brought to Earth from space?

<p>Theory of Panspermia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fault occurs when rocks break due to stress?

<p>Fracture fault (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eon is associated with the formation of Earth and is the oldest on the geologic timescale?

<p>Hadean Eon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Theory of Special Creation?

<p>Life was created by a higher power in a specific period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Geologic timescale

A system of chronological dating that classifies events that have occurred in Earth's history.

Theory of Special Creation

Religious belief that life was created by a supernatural being.

Faulting

A type of strain where rocks break due to stress.

Folding

A type of strain where rocks bend, curve, and crumple due to stress.

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Elastic strain

A reversible deformation where the rock returns to its original shape.

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Ductile strain

An irreversible deformation where the rock does not return to its original shape.

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Stress (in geology)

Force per unit area applied to a rock.

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Strain (in geology)

Deformation (change in shape) of a rock.

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Earthquake Hazard Types

Different dangers caused by earthquakes, including ground shaking, landslides, tsunamis, and liquefaction.

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Volcanic Eruption Hazards

Risks connected with volcanic eruptions, such as pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and lahars.

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Tropical Cyclone Hazards

Risks tied to tropical cyclones, including severe winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges.

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Coastal Erosion

The wearing away of land along a coast by natural forces like waves and currents.

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Disaster Preparedness

Actions taken to be ready for a disaster, including making plans, gathering supplies, and getting trained.

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Study Notes

Geologic Timescale

  • Eon: the longest geologic subdivision
  • Era: "periods" grouped by characteristics
  • Epoch: subdivision of periods
  • Period: basic unit of geological time, specific rock system produced

Precambrian Eon

  • More than 85% of Earth's history (4.6 billion years ago to 540 million years ago)
  • Hadean Eon (4.6 billion years ago): solidification of Earth's crust (continental and oceanic)
  • Archean Eon (4 billion years ago): evolution of Earth's first life forms

Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Billion Years Ago)

  • Appearance of multicellular animals
  • Gathering of landmasses to form continents

Phanerozoic Eon

  • Paleozoic Era (544 million years ago): explosion of diverse marine life, largest mass extinction of marine organisms
    • Permian Period (298.9 MYA)
    • Pennsylvanian Period (323.2 MYA)
    • Mississippian Period (358.9 MYA)
    • Devonian Period (419.2 MYA)
    • Silurian Period (443.8 MYA)
    • Ordovician Period (485.4 MYA)
    • Cambrian Period (541.0 MYA)
    • Animals in Paleozoic Era: Cockroaches, Jawed Fish
  • Mesozoic Era (245 million years ago): beginning of dinosaurs, mammals, birds, and plants (mass extinction)
    • Cretaceous Period (145.0 MYA)
    • Jurassic Period (201.3 MYA)
    • Triassic Period (251.9 MYA)
  • Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago - now): most recent era, age of mammals, human evolution
    • Holocene Period (0.01 MYA)
    • Pliocene Period (5.3 MYA)

Types of Rock Stress

  • Compression: squeezing rocks together
  • Tension: rocks pulled apart
  • Shear: forces parallel but moving in opposite directions

Rock Responses to Stress

  • Elastic Strain: reversible, returns to original shape when stress removed
  • Ductile Strain (plastic deformation): irreversible, rock doesn't return to original shape

Geologic Stress: Folding and Faulting of Rocks

  • Stress: force per unit area in a rock
  • Strain: deformation (change in shape) in a rock
  • Faulting: strain where rocks break
  • Folding: strain where rocks bend, curve, and crumple (e.g. monocline, anticline)
  • Three Main Fault Types: normal, reverse, strike-slip

Hazards

  • Something that may cause harm (death, injury, loss of property)

Risks

  • Chance of harm from a hazard

Different Earth Processes

  • Geologic
  • Hydrometeorological
  • Coastal and Marine
  • Geologic processes

Earthquakes

  • Hazards caused by earthquakes: Tsunami, Liquefaction (soil softening, from solid, and gas to liquid), Landslide, Ground Shaking, Surface Faulting

Volcanic Eruptions

  • Hazards caused by Volcanic Eruptions: Pyroclastic Phenomena (mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly), Lava, Lahar (volcanic mudflow)
  • Pacific Ring of Fire: tectonic belt of earthquakes and active volcanoes

Hydrometeorological Hazards

  • Tropical Cyclone types: Tropical Depression (wind pressure lower than 62kph), Tropical Storm (wind pressure 63kph to 117kph), Hurricane (Atlantic Ocean), Typhoon (Pacific Ocean), Cyclone (Indian Ocean)

Monsoon

  • A seasonal shift in wind direction and pressure distribution, causing precipitation change
  • Northeast Monsoon (Amihan): Cool and dry months of November to February
  • Southwest Monsoon (Habagat): months of June to October, extensive cloud development and rainfall

Floods

  • Water covering land, affecting millions, destroying houses, and impacting farming
  • Damages drinking water, creating diseases

Tornados

  • Rapidly rotating columns of air extending from thunderstorm clouds to the ground
  • Causes severe damage

Coastal Erosion

  • Loss of land along coastlines

Tides

  • Gravitational pull between the moon and Earth

Waves

  • Formed by wind and storms

Sea Level Rises

  • Caused by melting glaciers and icebergs

Crustal Movements

  • Motion of Earth's outermost shell

Storm Surge

  • Rising of seawater due to atmospheric conditions

Saltwater Intrusion

  • Seawater flow into freshwater aquifers

Submersion

  • Sediment movement from visible beaches to submerged areas

Disaster Preparedness

  • Measures and practices to mitigate disaster effects
  • Creating and rehearsing an emergency plan, preparing an emergency kit, conducting trainings
  • Disaster Response: Actions taken directly before, during, or after a disaster

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Related Documents

Geologic Timescale PDF

Description

Explore the vast history of Earth's geologic timescale, which includes eons, eras, epochs, and periods. From the solidification of Earth's crust in the Hadean Eon to the thriving marine life in the Paleozoic Era, this quiz covers key events and characteristics across different geological timeframes.

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