Geography: Physical and Human Overview

Definition: Study of natural features and processes of the Earth.
Subfields:
- Landforms: Analysis of mountains, hills, plains, plateaus, and valleys.
- Hydrology: Study of water bodies, including rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
- Soils: Examination of soil types and their distribution.
- Biogeography: Distribution of ecosystems and species across different regions.
Processes:
- Weathering and Erosion: Breakdown and movement of rocks and soil.
- Tectonics: Movement of Earth's plates leading to earthquakes and mountain formation.
- Climate: Influence of climate on landforms and ecosystems.

Definition: Examination of human activities and their relationship with the environment.
Key Concepts:
- Cultural Geography: Study of cultural practices, beliefs, and landscapes.
- Economic Geography: Analysis of economic activities, resources, and their spatial distribution.
- Political Geography: Exploration of political processes, boundaries, and territoriality.
- Population Geography: Study of population distribution, density, and demographics.
Urbanization: Impact of urban growth on environments and societies.

Definition: Technology for collecting, storing, analyzing, and visualizing spatial data.
Components:
- Hardware: Computers and GPS devices.
- Software: GIS applications for data analysis and mapping.
- Data: Spatial data (maps, satellite imagery) and attribute data (demographics).
Applications:
- Urban planning, environmental management, transportation logistics, disaster response.

Definition: Study of urban areas and their spatial dynamics.
Key Areas:
- City Structure: Examination of urban land use and zoning.
- Urbanization Trends: Movement of populations from rural to urban areas.
- Social Issues: Housing, transportation, and urban inequality.
- Sustainability: Efforts to create sustainable urban environments.

Definition: Study of climate, weather patterns, and long-term atmospheric conditions.
Key Concepts:
- Climate vs. Weather: Climate refers to long-term averages, while weather pertains to short-term conditions.
- Climate Zones: Classification of regions based on temperature and precipitation patterns (e.g., tropical, temperate, polar).
- Global Warming: Study of climate change, its causes (greenhouse gases) and impacts (rising sea levels, extreme weather).
Methods: Use of climate models, historical data analysis, and field studies to understand climatic patterns.

Focuses on natural features and processes shaping the Earth.
Subfields encompass:
- Landforms: Studies include mountains, hills, plains, plateaus, and valleys.
- Hydrology: Investigates water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater systems.
- Soils: Examines various soil types and their geographical distribution.
- Biogeography: Analyzes the spatial distribution of ecosystems and species.
Processes involved:
- Weathering and Erosion: Describes how rocks and soil are broken down and moved.
- Tectonics: Explores plate movements causing earthquakes and forming mountains.
- Climate Influence: Studies how climate affects landforms and ecosystems.

Technology used for analyzing spatial data.
Components consist of:
- Hardware: Includes computers and GPS devices for data collection.
- Software: Utilizes GIS applications for spatial data analysis and mapping.
- Data Types: Involves spatial data (maps, satellite imagery) and attribute data (demographics).
Applications span:
- Urban planning, environmental management, transportation logistics, and disaster response strategies.

Studies urban areas and their spatial dynamics and interactions.
Key Areas of interest include:
- City Structure: Focuses on urban land use, zoning laws, and planning.
- Urbanization Trends: Examines the shift of populations from rural to urban settings.
- Social Issues: Addresses challenges like housing, transportation, and social inequality within cities.
- Sustainability: Investigates strategies for developing sustainable urban environments.

Explores climate, weather patterns, and atmospheric conditions over time.
Key Concepts include:
- Distinction between Climate vs. Weather: Climate represents long-term weather averages; weather includes short-term atmospheric conditions.
- Climate Zones: Classification includes tropical, temperate, and polar regions based on temperature and precipitation.
- Global Warming: Investigates causes (e.g., greenhouse gases) and effects (e.g., rising sea levels, extreme weather events) of climate change.
- Methods of Study: Involves climate modeling, historical data review, and field studies to analyze climatic phenomena.