Geography Exam Review

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico that removes trade barriers and promotes economic growth.

The exchange of goods and services between countries.

The balance of trade happens when a country's exports are more valuable than its imports.

The balance of trade occurs when a country's imports are more valuable than its exports.

The amount of land and resources needed to support a person's lifestyle.

The number of births per 1,000 people in a population during a specific period, usually a year.

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population during a specific period, usually a year.

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

The number of immigrants arriving per 1,000 people in a population during a specific period, usually a year.

The number of emigrants leaving per 1,000 people in a population during a specific period, usually a year.

The difference between the immigration rate and the emigration rate.

The overall rate of population growth, considering both natural increase and net migration.

The time it takes for a population to double in size, assuming a constant growth rate.

A flat representation of the Earth's surface, showing geographical features. They use symbols and scales to represent the real world.

A globe is a 3D model of the Earth showing its shape and geographical features. It allows for accurate representation of continents, oceans, and the curvature of Earth.

The four main directions: North, South, East, West.

The imaginary line that circles the Earth at 0 degrees longitude, dividing the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

The imaginary line that circles the Earth at 0 degrees latitude, dividing the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

The relationship between the distance on a map and the corresponding distance on Earth.

A compass rose is a diagram that shows the cardinal directions (N, S, E, W) and their intermediate points (NE, NW, SE, SW) along with compass bearings.

Compass bearings refer to the angle measured clockwise from North to a specific direction. They are used for navigation and can be expressed in degrees.

The solid, rocky outer layer of the Earth, ranging from 3-50 km in thickness. It is thinner under the oceans and thicker under the continents.

The thickest layer of the Earth, located below the crust. It is made up of hot, dense rock that flows slowly over time.

The process by which the Earth's outer layer (the lithosphere) breaks into large pieces called tectonic plates. These plates move very slowly, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

The scientific theory explaining how continents have moved over millions of years. Proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century, it's based on evidence like matching coastlines, similar fossils, and geological formations.

A type of rock formed from the cooling and solidifying of molten rock (magma) either beneath the Earth's surface or on the surface.

A type of rock formed from the accumulation and cementation of sediments like sand, shells, and pebbles, over long periods.

A type of rock formed when existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) are transformed by heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust.

A scientist who studies earthquakes and the Earth's interior using seismic waves.

The study of human populations, including their size, distribution, density, growth, and characteristics.

The proportion of a population that is dependent on others for support, typically referring to children and elderly.

The process of adopting the language, customs, and values of a dominant culture, often losing one's original culture in the process.

A protected area of land set aside for Indigenous peoples, often with self-governance.

A society that values and celebrates the existence of multiple cultures and ethnicities within its borders.

A person who has been forced to leave their home country due to persecution, war, or natural disasters.

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, often driven by economic opportunities.

The way in which people are distributed and clustered across a geographic area.

The rate at which a rising air mass cools before it reaches its condensation point. This rate is approximately 1°C per 100 meters of altitude.

The rate at which a rising air mass cools after it reaches its condensation point. This rate is approximately 0.5°C per 100 meters of altitude.

The point in the atmosphere where rising air cools enough to reach its saturation point and condensation begins, leading to cloud formation.

The three primary types of precipitation are:

1. Convectional: Warm, moist air rises, cools, and condenses, leading to thunderstorms.
2. Orographic: Air is forced to rise over mountains, cool, and condense, resulting in rain or snow on the windward side.
3. Frontal: When warm, moist air meets with cold, dry air, the warm air rises, cools, and condenses, creating precipitation along the frontal boundary.

The four key components of soil are:

1. Mineral matter: Derived from weathered rock, provides nutrients.
2. Organic matter: Decomposed plant and animal remains, improves soil structure.
3. Air: Essential for plant roots and soil organisms.
4. Water: Dissolves nutrients and facilitates chemical reactions.

A typical soil profile consists of layers (horizons) with distinct characteristics:

• O Horizon (Organic): Surface layer rich in decaying organic matter.
• A Horizon (Topsoil): Darker, crumbly layer with mixed organic matter and mineral particles.
• B Horizon (Subsoil): Contains less organic matter, enriched with minerals leached from above.
• C Horizon (Parent Material): Weathered bedrock from which the soil is derived.

Latitude, Ocean Currents, Altitude, Wind Patterns, Relief, and Nearness to Water Bodies. All of these factors interact to determine an area's climate.

A graph that combines monthly temperature and precipitation data to depict a region's climate patterns.