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Questions and Answers

What are the two main branches of geography?

Physical and human geography

What is the difference between GPS and GIS?

  • GPS uses satellites to determine location, while GIS is a system for managing and analyzing geographic data. (correct)
  • GIS uses satellites to determine location, while GPS is a system for managing and analyzing geographic data.
  • GPS is a system for managing and analyzing geographic data, while GIS uses satellites to determine location.
  • Both GPS and GIS use satellites to determine location.

    • What are the five steps of the geographic inquiry model?

    Ask, Acquire, Explore, Analyze, Act

    Which era is known as the age of reptiles?

    <p>Mesozoic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the variation in Canadian climate?

    <p>Canada's vast size and diverse landforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maritime climates experience greater seasonal temperature variation than continental climates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five factors that affect climate?

    <p>Latitude, ocean currents, wind and air masses, elevation, relief, near water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a landform region of Canada?

    <p>Rocky Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main factors responsible for the appearance of landforms?

    <p>The underlying geology and the impacts of glaciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Canadian landform region is known for its rich mineral deposits?

    <p>Canadian Shield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key requirements for plant growth?

    <p>Heat and moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vegetation region is characterized by large old-growth forests?

    <p>West Coast Forest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deciduous trees lose their leaves in the fall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a glacier?

    <p>A large mass of ice that forms on land by the accumulation and compression of snow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glaciers only move downhill.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are striations?

    <p>Scratches or grooves carved into bedrock by moving glaciers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of deposition?

    <p>The laying down or accumulation of sediment in a new location by a transporting agent like a glacier, river, or wind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main layers of the Earth?

    <p>Crust, mantle, core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes volcanic eruptions?

    <p>The rise of magma from the Earth's mantle through the crust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pangaea?

    <p>A supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago, formed by the collision of all the Earth's landmasses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary evidence for continental drift?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moraine?

    <p>A landform composed of rock debris deposited by a glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the movement of tectonic plates?

    <p>Plate tectonics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two tectonic plates diverge?

    <p>They move apart to create rift zones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three types of natural hazards?

    <p>Geologic, atmospheric, hydrologic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main areas of integration in geography?

    <p>Trade, political power, and culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sustainability mean?

    <p>Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of industry is responsible for extracting raw materials?

    <p>Primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of industry is concerned with manufacturing and processing?

    <p>Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between basic and non-basic industries?

    <p>Basic industries bring new money into a local economy, while non-basic industries circulate existing money within the economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Newly industrialized countries (NICs) are typically transitioning from developed to developing economies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Dependency Theory?

    <p>The theory that developing nations are kept in a dependent position by developed nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Core-Periphery Model?

    <p>A model that describes the unequal distribution of economic power and wealth between core and periphery regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Rostow's Stages of Economic Development?

    <p>Five stages through which all countries must pass to become developed: traditional society, preconditions to take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of high mass consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is comparative advantage?

    <p>The ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than its competitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a free trade agreement?

    <p>A pact between countries that reduces or eliminates trade barriers between them, promoting free trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opportunity cost of a decision?

    <p>The value of the next best alternative that is forgone when a decision is made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NAFTA / USMCA?

    <p>A trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico that aims to promote free trade between these North American countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of demography?

    <p>The study of population growth and change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a census?

    <p>An official count or survey of a population, typically collecting data about demographics, housing, and economic characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ecumene?

    <p>The portion of the Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is population density?

    <p>The number of individuals living in a specific area, typically measured as people per square kilometer or mile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population distribution involves settlements concentrated along a line?

    <p>Linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population distribution is characterized by settlements clustered together in a small area?

    <p>Nucleated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor attracting settlement?

    <p>Limited access to transportation networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does birth rate measure?

    <p>The number of births per 1,000 people in a population per year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of natural increase?

    <p>The difference between the birth rate and death rate, indicating the natural growth of a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is population growth rate?

    <p>The overall growth of a population, considering both natural increase and net migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population pyramid has a wide base and a narrow top?

    <p>Expansive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population pyramid has a relatively even distribution across age groups?

    <p>Stationary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population pyramid has a narrow base and a wider top?

    <p>Constrictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five stages of the demographic transition model?

    <p>Stage 1: High Stationary, Stage 2: Falling Death Rates, Stage 3: Birth Rates Begin to Fall, Stage 4: Low Birth and Death Rates, Stage 5: Population Decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the demographic transition model is characterized by high birth rates and high death rates?

    <p>Stage 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the demographic transition model is associated with a population explosion?

    <p>Stage 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the demographic transition model is characterized by low birth rates and low death rates?

    <p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is migration?

    <p>The process of people moving from one place to another, often for permanent settlement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between emigration and immigration?

    <p>Emigration is moving out of a country, while immigration is moving into a country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are push factors? Give an example.

    <p>Factors that force people to leave their current location, such as war, famine, or persecution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the point system for immigration?

    <p>A system used by governments to select immigrants based on their skills, education, work experience, and language abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is urban sprawl?

    <p>The expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a modern land use?

    <p>Agricultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is livability?

    <p>The overall quality of life in a community, including factors like housing, transportation, environmental quality, and social services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bid rent theory?

    <p>A theory that explains the spatial pattern of land values based on proximity to the central market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is land-use conflict?

    <p>A situation where adjacent land uses interfere with each other, creating problems like noise, pollution, or traffic congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mega city is a city with a population of over 10 million people.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human vs. Physical Geography

    • Physical geography studies Earth's natural features (air, water, soil).
    • Human geography studies human populations and their environmental impact.

    GPS vs. GIS

    • GPS (Global Positioning System): A network of satellites used to determine locations on Earth. A receiver uses signals from at least four satellites to calculate its position.
    • GIS (Geographic Information System): A system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to locations on Earth. Creates digital maps, analyzing spatial relationships.

    Geographic Inquiry Model

    • Ask: A geographic question (descriptive and conceptual).
    • Acquire: Gather geographic resources (data, maps, charts).
    • Explore: Analyze data for trends and relationships.
    • Analyze: Interpret data and form conclusions.
    • Act: Apply new knowledge for decision-making.

    Eras of Earth's History

    • Eras are periods in Earth's history, each with particular characteristics. Eras include: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

    Precambrian Era

    • 4.6 billion years ago to the start of the Paleozoic era.
    • Longest era (87% of Earth's history).
    • Early Earth was molten lava; continents formed as lava cooled.
    • Mountain formation from continent collisions.
    • First unicellular lifeforms (bacteria and algae).

    Paleozoic Era

    • Pangea formed. Continents moved, Appalachian Mountains formed.
    • Swamps dominated North America.
    • Life transitioned from ocean to land (fish, reptiles, insects, plants).

    Fossil Locations

    • Fossils are found in sedimentary rock layers.
    • Remains of organisms buried under sediments, which transformed into rock.
    • Oldest layers are at the bottom.

    Mesozoic Era

    • Pangea began to break apart (continental drift).
    • Rocky Mountains formed.
    • Age of reptiles (dinosaurs emerged). Dinosaurs went extinct during this era (likely due to a meteor).
    • Mammals and flowering plants appeared.

    Cenozoic Era

    • Ice ages occurred, with warm periods between.
    • Great Lakes formed.
    • Continents took on present shapes.
    • Rocky Mountains were fully formed.
    • Age of mammals (horses, sheep, cows).
    • Modern humans emerged.

    Five Fields of Geography

    • Physical: Landforms, climate, soil.
    • Urban: Cities, land use, urban issues (transportation, pollution).
    • Social: People and their interaction with the environment.
    • Environmental: Surroundings and human impact.
    • Economic: Activities that produce, distribute, and consume goods.

    Landforms

    • Natural features on Earth's surface.

    Landform Regions

    • Regions characterized by a specific type of physical features (mountains, plains, rivers, lakes).

    Landform Formation Factors

    • Geology (plate tectonics, mountains, plains).
    • Glaciation (land sculpting).

    Canada's Landform Regions (7)

    • Western Cordillera
    • Interior Plains
    • Canadian Shield
    • Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands
    • Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowlands
    • Appalachian Mountains
    • Innuitian Mountains

    Canadian Shield

    • Large, rocky region around Hudson Bay; covers half of Canada.
    • Glaciers created thousands of lakes and swamps.
    • Rich in minerals, leading to significant mining.

    Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands

    • Southern Ontario and Quebec regions.
    • Densely populated; major area for energy, mining, construction, and farming.

    Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands

    • Primarily in Nunavut, along Hudson and James Bays.
    • Formed through glacial melting and climate changes.
    • Fragile ecosystems, vulnerable to climate change.

    Interior Plains

    • Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Northwest Territories, Yukon.
    • Mainly flat or gently rolling areas (prairies).
    • Abundant natural resources (oil, fertile soil, minerals).

    Appalachian Mountains

    • Eastern Canada.
    • Formed by plate movements. Abundant in water, good soil, and ideal climate.

    Innuitian Mountains

    • Primarily on Ellesmere Island.
    • Formed by moving glaciers. Important for its fragile ecosystem.

    Western Cordillera

    • British Columbia, Yukon, Alberta.
    • Young geologically; formed through plate collisions.
    • Major forests and lumber production. Important for fishing and mining.

    Cordillera Meaning

    • Mountains or mountainous region.

    Glaciations

    • Glaciers scraped the Canadian Shield, leaving it with little soil and rounded bedrock.

    Lowlands

    • Flat or rolling areas; form drainage basins of major water systems (lakes, bays).

    Plains

    • Large, flat areas, generally with good fertile soil (prairies).

    Weather vs. Climate

    • Weather: Short-term atmospheric conditions.
    • Climate: Long-term average atmospheric conditions.

    Canadian Climate Variations

    • Large size.
    • Differences in elevation.
    • Coastal vs. inland climates.
    • Weather systems moving across the country.

    Maritime vs. Continental Climates

    • Maritime: Near water, more stable temperatures and higher rainfall.
    • Continental: Inland, more extreme temperature variations and lower rainfall.

    Climate Factors (LOWERN)

    • Latitude.
    • Ocean Currents.
    • Winds and Air Masses.
    • Elevation.
    • Relief.
    • Near Water.

    Latitude

    • Distance from the equator; affects temperature. Further from equator, cooler.

    Ocean Currents

    • Warm currents moderate temperatures. e.g., North Pacific Current.

    Winds and Air Masses

    • Polar (cold), Maritime (moist), Continental (dry), Tropical (warm).
    • Prevailing Westerlies, influenced by the jet stream which directs the temperature.

    Elevation (Altitude)

    • Higher altitudes = lower temperatures (lapse rate).

    Relief

    • Elevation changes influence precipitation. Windward side gets more rain (or snow), while the leeward side is drier (rain shadow).

    Near Water

    • Large bodies of water moderate temperature changes.

    Human-Made Climate Factors

    • Urban areas create higher temperatures due to heat absorption/re-radiation by buildings & pavement.
    • Pollution can result in higher precipitation levels downwind of cities.

    Canada's Climate Regions

    • Arctic, Taiga, Cordilleran, Pacific Maritime, Boreal, Prairie, Southeastern, Atlantic Maritime.

    Arctic Climate

    • Very cold winters. Short, cool summers; low precipitation.

    Taiga Climate

    • Subarctic – large temperature range. Long winters, short summers, low precipitation (mostly summer).

    Atlantic Maritime Climate

    • Cool winters, warm summers, high precipitation

    Southeastern Climate

    • Cool winters, hot summers, moderate precipitation.

    Boreal Climate

    • Long cold winters, short cool/warm summers, low precipitation

    Prairie Climate

    • Very cold winters, very hot summers, low precipitation

    Western Cordillera Climate

    • Varies with elevation - temperature and precipitation vary significantly.

    Pacific Maritime Climate

    • Mild winters, warm summers, very high precipitation

    Climate Graphs

    Illustrate average temperatures and precipitation for an area over a year.

    Plant Growth Requirements

    • Heat and moisture.

    Natural Vegetation Regions of Canada

    • Tundra, West Coast Forest, Cordilleran Vegetation, Boreal and Taiga Forest, Grassland, Mixed Forest, Deciduous Forest

    Tundra Vegetation

    • Above the tree line; permafrost limits plant species.
    • Small shrubs, mosses, and lichens.

    West Coast Forest Vegetation

    • Mild, wet conditions support large old-growth forests.

    Cordilleran Vegetation

    • Varied vegetation due to elevation, temperature, rainfall, and soil differences.

    Boreal/Taiga Forest Vegetation

    • Largest region; coniferous trees; acidic soil limits farming.

    Grassland Vegetation

    • Native grasses, cacti, sagebrush; adapted to arid conditions.

    Mixed Forest Vegetation

    • Transition zone between boreal and deciduous forests, with both types of trees.
    • Historically a significant logging area

    Deciduous Forest Vegetation

    • Southwestern Ontario; maple and other broadleaf trees.
    • Historically cleared for agriculture/development.

    Coniferous vs. Deciduous Trees

    • Coniferous: Cone-bearing; needle-like leaves; evergreen.
    • Deciduous: Broadleaf; leaves fall seasonally.

    Glaciers

    • Large ice masses formed by snow accumulation.

    Glacial Advance/Retreat

    • Ice movement outward (advance) or inward (retreat).

    Striations

    • Scratches or grooves on rock surfaces from glacier movement.

    Deposition

    • Process of sediment settling in new locations.

    Erosion

    • Breakdown and transportation of rock, sand, and soil.

    Earth's Layers

    • Crust, mantle, core.

    Volcanoes

    • Magma from the mantle rises through the crust to create volcanic eruptions.

    Pangaea

    • Supercontinent; comprised all present-day continents.

    Moraine

    • Material left behind by a glacier (soil, rock).

    Alfred Wegener's Continental Drift Evidence

    • Continental fit.
    • Similar fossils on separated continents.
    • Similar mountain ranges on different continents.
    • Glacial evidence.

    Pangaea Movement

    • Driven by plate tectonics.

    Plate Movement Mechanisms

    • Convection currents in the Earth's mantle.

    Number of Earth's Plates

    • Approximately 20.

    Divergent Plates

    • Plates moving apart (rift zones); earthquakes and volcanic activity.

    Convergent Plates

    • Plates colliding; trenches or mountains; subduction.

    Transform Plates

    • Plates sliding past each other; fault lines (e.g., earthquakes in California).

    Natural Disasters/Hazards

    • Earth processes (volcanoes, earthquakes) or weather events (hurricanes, floods) that create harms.

    Integration Areas

    • Trade, political power, and culture.

    Sustainability

    • Meeting present needs without harming future generations.

    Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Energy

    • Renewable: Hydro, solar, wind, geothermal (renewed quickly).
    • Non-renewable: Fossil fuels, oil, coal, nuclear (take long times to replace).

    Levels of Industry (5)

    • Primary: Extraction (mining, farming).
    • Secondary: Manufacturing.
    • Tertiary: Services.
    • Quaternary: Information (research, education).
    • Quinary: Top management, government decision-makers.

    Secondary Industry (Manufacturing)

    • Raw materials change to usable products; increasing value.

    Tertiary Industry (Service Industries)

    • Provide services supporting other sectors.

    Primary Industry (Extraction)

    • Extracting natural resources like minerals or growing crops.

    Quaternary Industry (Information)

    • Creating, processing, and disseminating information (education, research).

    Quinary Industry

    • Control and management of large industries and governments.

    Basic vs. Non-Basic Industries

    • Basic: Bring new money (factories).
    • Non-basic: Support local economy (hospitals).

    Developed vs. Developing Countries

    • Developed countries generally have higher incomes, better infrastructure, literacy, and life expectancy.

    Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

    • Transitioning from developing to developed status, with rapid economic growth.

    Dependency Theory

    • Developing countries are dependent on developed countries.

    World Systems Theory (Core-Periphery Model)

    • Developed countries at the core, developing countries at the periphery.

    Lewis Structural Change Model

    • Development linked to shifting workers from agriculture to manufacturing.

    Rostow's Stages of Economic Development

    • Five stages of economic growth (traditional, take-off, maturity, high consumption).

    Traditional Society (Trade Theory)

    • Primarily agricultural; low technology, trading, and scientific knowledge.

    Transitional Stage (Trade Theory)

    • Developing manufacturing and broader international outlook.

    Take-off (Trade Theory)

    • Period of rapid industrialization, focused on a specific industry.

    Drive to Maturity (Trade Theory)

    • Continued growth, technology expansion, and economic diversification.

    Age of High Mass Consumption (Trade Theory)

    • Consumerist capitalist economy, mass production.

    Comparative Advantage

    • Lower opportunity cost of producing goods/services.

    Free Trade Agreements

    • Agreements reducing or eliminating trade barriers (tariffs).

    Tariffs

    • Taxes on imported goods.

    Opportunity Cost

    • Value of the next best alternative.

    NAFTA/USMCA

    • Trade agreement between Canada, US, and Mexico (modified).

    Demography

    • Study of human populations (distribution, density, growth).

    Census

    • Official population count.

    Ecumene

    • Settled areas of a country.

    Population Distribution

    • Pattern of population density across an area.

    Population Density

    • Number of people per unit area.

    Distribution Patterns

    • Peripheral, linear, nucleated, dispersed.

    Settlement Attractions

    • Physical (climate, water) and economic (jobs, resources) factors.

    Birth Rate

    • Births per 1000 people.

    Death Rate

    • Deaths per 1000 people.

    Rate of Natural Increase

    • Difference between birth and death rates.

    Net Migration Rate

    • Difference between immigration and emigration rates.

    Population Growth Rate

    • Combined natural increase and net migration rates.

    Population Pyramid Age Groups

    • Pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive.

    Expansive Population Pyramid

    • High birth rate, large youth population, low life expectancy.

    Stationary Population Pyramid

    • Balanced age groups; stable population.

    Constrictive Population Pyramid

    • Low birth rate; larger older age group; longer life expectancy.

    Demographic Transition Model

    • Stages of population change linked to economic development.

    Stage 1: High Stationary

    • High birth and death rates; slow population growth.

    Stage 2: Falling Death Rates

    • Improved health/sanitation; rapid population growth.

    Stage 3: Falling Birth Rates

    • Family planning; slower population growth.

    Stage 4: Low Birth and Death Rates

    • Stable population.

    Stage 5: Population Decline

    • Low birth rate; aging population; declining population.

    Dependency Load

    • Portion of population needing support (children, elderly).

    Migration

    • Permanent relocation for individuals.

    Emigration

    • Leaving a location.

    Immigration

    • Moving into a location.

    Push Factors

    • Factors that drive people to leave a location.

    Pull Factors

    • Factors that attract people to a location.

    Point System (Immigration)

    • Weighted criteria for evaluating immigrants.

    Economic Class Immigrants

    • Contribute to Canada's economy.

    Family Class Immigrants

    • Sponsored by relatives in Canada.

    Refugee Immigrants

    • Escape persecution or other serious circumstances.

    Indigenous Peoples of Canada

    • First Nations, Inuit, Métis (distinct cultures and populations).

    Urban Sprawl

    • Expansion of urban areas outwards (suburbs).

    Modern Land Uses (TRIIOC)

    • Residential, Transportation, Industrial, Open Space/Recreational, Institutional, Commercial.

    Livability

    • Characteristics influencing quality of life in a location.

    Bid-Rent Theory

    • Value of land determined by proximity to the market.

    Land-Use Conflicts

    • Interference between different land uses (e.g. noise, pollution).

    Mega-city

    • City with over 10 million residents.

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