Geography and Demographics Overview

Location: Earth is the third planet from the Sun in the Solar System.
Surface Area: Approximately 510 million square kilometers.
Land Distribution: About 29% land (continents) and 71% water (oceans).
Major Landforms:
- Continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia.
- Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic.
Latitude and Longitude: Coordinates system used to locate points on Earth’s surface.
Natural Resources: Includes water, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels.

Global Population: Estimated over 8 billion (as of 2023).
Population Growth Rate: Varies by region; generally higher in developing countries.
Age Distribution:
- Youth (0-14 years): Approximately 25% of the global population.
- Working Age (15-64 years): About 65% of the global population.
- Elderly (65+ years): Roughly 10% of the global population.
Urban vs. Rural: More than 55% of the population lives in urban areas, increasing due to urbanization.

Climate Zones:
- Tropical: Hot and humid; near the equator.
- Arid: Dry; deserts and semi-arid regions.
- Temperate: Moderate climate; distinct seasons.
- Polar: Cold; near the poles.
Climate Change: Influenced by human activities (greenhouse gases, deforestation).
Weather Patterns:
- Precipitation: Varies; influenced by geographic features.
- Natural Disasters: Hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and droughts are common in various regions.

Definition: Number of people living per unit area (usually per square kilometer).
Global Average: About 58 people per square kilometer; varies greatly by region.
High Density Areas: Major cities like Tokyo, New York, and Mumbai.
Low Density Areas: Regions like deserts, mountains, and polar areas.
Factors Influencing Density:
- Economic opportunities: Urban centers attract more people.
- Environmental conditions: Fertile land, water sources can support higher populations.
- Infrastructure: Availability of services like healthcare and education affects population distribution.

Earth is the third planet from the Sun within the Solar System.
Total surface area approximately 510 million square kilometers.
Land accounts for about 29%, while water makes up 71% of Earth's surface.
Major continents include Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.
Five key oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.
Latitude and longitude are used for pinpointing locations on Earth.
Natural resources encompass water, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels.

Global population exceeds 8 billion as of 2023.
Population growth rates vary, typically higher in developing nations.
Age distribution: 25% are youth (0-14 years), 65% comprise the working age (15-64 years), and approximately 10% are elderly (65+ years).
Over 55% of the population resides in urban areas, a percentage that is rising due to urbanization trends.

Climate zones include:
- Tropical: Characterized by high temperatures and humidity near the equator.
- Arid: Consisting of dry deserts and semi-arid regions.
- Temperate: Known for moderate climates and distinct seasons.
- Polar: Cold regions located near the poles.
Human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, drive climate change.
Weather patterns include varying precipitation levels influenced by geographic features.
Common natural disasters comprise hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and droughts, occurring across diverse regions.

Population density defined as the number of individuals per unit area, typically measured per square kilometer.
Global average density around 58 people per square kilometer, with significant regional variations.
High-density areas found in major cities like Tokyo, New York, and Mumbai.
Low-density regions include deserts, mountainous areas, and polar zones.
Population density influenced by factors such as economic opportunities, environmental conditions (fertile land and water), and infrastructure availability, including healthcare and education.