Geographical Variation in Incidence of Squamous Carcinoma
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Questions and Answers

What are the identified risk factors for oesophageal squamous cancers?

  • Tobacco, alcohol, nitrosamine in pickled or mouldy food, and repeated thermal injury due to hot beverages (correct)
  • Alcohol, nitrosamine in pickled or mouldy food, and vitamin deficiencies
  • Tobacco, alcohol, and vitamin deficiencies
  • Vitamin deficiencies, fruit consumption, and human papillomavirus infection
  • What is the overall agestandardised annual incidence of squamous carcinoma in the USA and Europe?

  • 10 per 100,000 men and 3 per 100,000 women
  • 8 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women
  • 5 per 100,000 men and 2 per 100,000 women (correct)
  • 15 per 100,000 men and 4 per 100,000 women
  • What is the incidence of squamous carcinoma in well-defined high-risk areas such as Normandy (France) and Calvados (Italy)?

  • 30 per 100,000 men and 2 per 100,000 women (correct)
  • 20 per 100,000 men and 5 per 100,000 women
  • 25 per 100,000 men and 8 per 100,000 women
  • 10 per 100,000 men and 3 per 100,000 women
  • From which type of epithelium do squamous carcinomas develop?

    <p>Squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dysplastic squamous epithelium characterized?

    <p>Lack of maturation of cells towards the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the categorization of dysplasia based on the degree of dysplasia?

    <p>Low and high grade</p> Signup and view all the answers

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