CCGS 2018 SEM 2 HUMAN BIO
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Discuss how variation in the genotypes of offspring, including gender, arise as a result of the processes of meiosis and fertilisation.

Random assortment of chromosomes (1) - when the maternal and paternal chromosomes line up by chance on either side of the equator at metaphase

Crossing over (1) – Homologous chromosomes exchange material at metaphase which occurs randomly (1)

Non-disjunction (1) – pairs of homologous chromosomes fail to separate at metaphase (I or II) which alters the chromosome number in each gamete being formed (1)- one will have one extra and one will lack one, which can result in birth defects.

Describe the changes involved in the development of the zygote from conception to its implantation in the endometrium wall.

Zygote is the fertilised egg

Undergoes mitosis / cleavage

Forms a morula

Which is a solid ball of cells

Becomes a blastocyst

Which is a hollow ball of cells

Develops an inner cell mass

Thickened at one end

Surrounded by a cavity that contains fluid

Infertility occurs in approximately 10% of couples. Describe two different treatments that couples may try in order to overcome MALE infertility.

Artificial insemination by donor (or from your partner): the male partner does not produce enough viable sperm sperm are collected from a donor and inserted thru the female's vagina into the uterus close to the fallopian tubes

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) sperm count is very low single sperm is injected into a single egg resulting EMBRYO is IMPLANTED INTO UTERUS

Discuss how combined and mini pill prevent pregnancy from occurring. Include in your discussion what type of person would utilise these techniques, as well as any limitations of the named techniques.

<p>Combined pill: -tablet containing oestrogen and progesterone substitute hormones which prevent ovulation and changes the endometrium to be less receptive to embryo implantation -women in relationships -limitation: could cause blood clots, especially if you're a smoker, costly, doctor visit</p> <p>mini pill: -taken at same time every day -women in relationships who want to have sex but cannot take oestrogen -contains progesterone substitute hormones which change the endometrium to be less receptive to embryo implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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