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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of mitosis in a diploid cell?
What is the purpose of mitosis in a diploid cell?
- Reduction of chromosome number
- Formation of gametes
- Production of haploid spores
- Division of one nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei (correct)
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the equator of the cell?
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the equator of the cell?
- Telophase
- Prophase
- Anaphase
- Metaphase (correct)
What does the term 'karyokinesis' refer to in the context of cell division?
What does the term 'karyokinesis' refer to in the context of cell division?
- The division of one nucleus (correct)
- The formation of sister chromatids
- The division of the entire cell
- The division of the cytoplasm
Which of the following occurs during prophase of mitosis?
Which of the following occurs during prophase of mitosis?
In meiosis, what is the main outcome compared to mitosis?
In meiosis, what is the main outcome compared to mitosis?
Which organelle is primarily involved in the formation of the spindle apparatus during mitosis?
Which organelle is primarily involved in the formation of the spindle apparatus during mitosis?
What happens to the chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis?
What happens to the chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis?
Which phase of mitosis involves the reformation of the nuclear membrane?
Which phase of mitosis involves the reformation of the nuclear membrane?
What defines the main outcome of meiosis compared to mitosis?
What defines the main outcome of meiosis compared to mitosis?
Which stage of meiosis involves the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids?
Which stage of meiosis involves the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids?
In terms of cell division, how does the number of divisions in mitosis compare to meiosis?
In terms of cell division, how does the number of divisions in mitosis compare to meiosis?
What is a significant difference in the duration of prophase between meiosis and mitosis?
What is a significant difference in the duration of prophase between meiosis and mitosis?
Which process does NOT occur during mitosis?
Which process does NOT occur during mitosis?
What is the trait of the prophase stage in meiosis compared to mitosis?
What is the trait of the prophase stage in meiosis compared to mitosis?
In what types of cells does meiosis occur?
In what types of cells does meiosis occur?
Which of the following describes the nature of genetic variation produced by meiosis?
Which of the following describes the nature of genetic variation produced by meiosis?
What is the primary purpose of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?
What is the primary purpose of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?
During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate in preparation for meiosis?
During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate in preparation for meiosis?
How many times does the nucleus divide during meiosis?
How many times does the nucleus divide during meiosis?
In which cell types does meiosis occur for gamete formation?
In which cell types does meiosis occur for gamete formation?
Which of the following organisms has 46 chromosomes in their body cells?
Which of the following organisms has 46 chromosomes in their body cells?
What is the consequence if gametes were produced by mitosis instead of meiosis?
What is the consequence if gametes were produced by mitosis instead of meiosis?
Which statement best describes the chromosomal arrangement during metaphase of meiosis?
Which statement best describes the chromosomal arrangement during metaphase of meiosis?
Which of the following accurately distinguishes meiosis from mitosis?
Which of the following accurately distinguishes meiosis from mitosis?
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Study Notes
Fertilization and Zygote Formation
- Haploid gametes fuse during fertilization to create a diploid zygote.
- The diploid zygote develops into a normal diploid individual.
Role of Meiosis
- Meiosis ensures genetic diversity through:
- Mixing of paternal and maternal chromosomes.
- Crossing over during prophase I.
- Progeny inherit traits from both parents in new gene combinations.
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
-
Cell Division:
- Mitosis involves a single cell division.
- Meiosis consists of two sequential divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.
-
Location of Division:
- Mitosis occurs in somatic cells.
- Meiosis occurs exclusively in diploid germ cells, which can be haploid, diploid, or polyploid.
-
Prophase Duration:
- Prophase in mitosis is relatively short.
- Prophase I in meiosis is prolonged, lasting several days.
-
Complexity of Prophase:
- Mitosis has a simple prophase.
- Meiosis has a complex prophase I, divided into five sub-stages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis.
-
Synapsis:
- No synapsis occurs in mitosis.
- Synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
-
Genetic Recombination:
- No exchange of genetic material occurs during mitotic prophase.
- Meiosis involves crossing over between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
-
Cell Division Source:
- Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis leads to four genetically varied haploid cells (gametes).
Mitosis Phases
- Mitosis is divided into four stages:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Karyokinesis describes the division of the nucleus, creating two daughter nuclei.
Implications of Mitosis and Meiosis
- Asexual reproduction relies on mitotic division, retaining chromosome number.
- Sexual reproduction results in gametes (sperms and ova) that merge to form a zygote.
- If gametes were formed by mitosis, offspring would have double the chromosome count.
Chromosome Numbers in Organisms
- Each species has a specific number of chromosomes:
- Onion: 16
- Potato: 48
- Horse: 64
- Human: 46
- Meiosis prevents chromosome number increase by producing haploid cells in reproductive organs.
Meiosis Process Overview
- Meiosis comprises two nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions:
- Meiosis I
- Meiosis II
- Precursors include an interphase similar to that of mitosis, where DNA replication occurs, leading to chromatids connected by a centromere.
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