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Questions and Answers
What is the phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents?
What is the phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents?
Down syndrome is caused by a missing chromosome.
Down syndrome is caused by a missing chromosome.
False
What is the Mendelian ratio for a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents?
What is the Mendelian ratio for a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents?
9:3:3:1
A female with Turner syndrome has a _____ of the sex chromosomes.
A female with Turner syndrome has a _____ of the sex chromosomes.
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Match the condition with its corresponding chromosome abnormality:
Match the condition with its corresponding chromosome abnormality:
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What is the main cause of allopatric speciation?
What is the main cause of allopatric speciation?
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Analogous structures share a common ancestor but serve similar functions.
Analogous structures share a common ancestor but serve similar functions.
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What type of evidence of evolution involves studying the distribution of organisms in different geographical locations?
What type of evidence of evolution involves studying the distribution of organisms in different geographical locations?
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The evolutionary links between species are illustrated through ________ fossils.
The evolutionary links between species are illustrated through ________ fossils.
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Match the type of structure with its description:
Match the type of structure with its description:
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to allopatric speciation?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to allopatric speciation?
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Mules are an example of a hybrid that is typically fertile.
Mules are an example of a hybrid that is typically fertile.
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What defines sympatric speciation?
What defines sympatric speciation?
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Species that have similar adaptations due to environmental factors, yet are not closely related, exhibit ________ similarity.
Species that have similar adaptations due to environmental factors, yet are not closely related, exhibit ________ similarity.
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Which mechanism prevents different species of frogs from mating successfully?
Which mechanism prevents different species of frogs from mating successfully?
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Hybrid sterility prevents different species from mating successfully.
Hybrid sterility prevents different species from mating successfully.
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What is the term for when male gametes do not recognize the eggs of a different species?
What is the term for when male gametes do not recognize the eggs of a different species?
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The mating of sheep and goats may result in a zygote that is unable to develop properly, which is an example of __________.
The mating of sheep and goats may result in a zygote that is unable to develop properly, which is an example of __________.
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Match the reproductive isolation mechanism with its description:
Match the reproductive isolation mechanism with its description:
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Which of the following is an example of hybrid sterility?
Which of the following is an example of hybrid sterility?
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Temporal isolation allows different species to mate successfully during the same time period.
Temporal isolation allows different species to mate successfully during the same time period.
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Which reproductive isolation mechanism involves structural differences that prevent fertilization?
Which reproductive isolation mechanism involves structural differences that prevent fertilization?
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Some marine animals rely on __________ to ensure that their sperm fertilizes the eggs of their own species.
Some marine animals rely on __________ to ensure that their sperm fertilizes the eggs of their own species.
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What does natural selection primarily refer to?
What does natural selection primarily refer to?
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Mimicry involves a harmful creature imitating a harmless one.
Mimicry involves a harmful creature imitating a harmless one.
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What is the primary difference between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect?
What is the primary difference between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect?
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The _______ adaptation of an organism includes its migration patterns and hibernation.
The _______ adaptation of an organism includes its migration patterns and hibernation.
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Match the adaptation types with their definitions:
Match the adaptation types with their definitions:
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Which of the following is an example of structural adaptation?
Which of the following is an example of structural adaptation?
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The founder effect occurs when a large group of individuals from a population establish a new population.
The founder effect occurs when a large group of individuals from a population establish a new population.
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Study Notes
Unit 1 Genetics
- Allele: An alternate form of a gene, caused by differences in DNA sequences at a specific position within a gene. Examples include genes coding for eye color.
- Chromosome: A physical structure storing genetic information, composed of long DNA strands coiled around proteins.
- Sister Chromatid: Identical copies of chromatids formed by DNA replication of a chromosome, joined by a centromere.
- Daughter Chromosome: Sister chromatids that have separated, becoming independent chromosomes.
- Chromatin: The mixture of DNA and histone proteins, the uncoiled form of chromosomes.
- Genotype: The combination of alleles (e.g., Cc or CC).
- Phenotype: The physical appearance of an organism's traits (e.g., black fur).
- F1 generation: The offspring of the parental (P) generation.
- F2 generation: Offspring of the F1 generation.
- Homozygous: Both alleles are identical (e.g., CC or cc).
- Heterozygous: Alleles are different (e.g., Cc). The dominant allele is usually expressed.
- Recessive: An allele or trait only expressed when both alleles are present (e.g., cc).
- Dominant: Alleles that are represented regardless of the other allele (e.g. Cc or CC).
- Nucleotide: The basic unit of DNA, consisting of a sugar group, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- Nitrogenous base: A molecule containing nitrogen that's a component of DNA and RNA. These bases include adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Cell Cycle/Mitosis
- Mitosis: The process of asexual reproduction in body cells.
- Interphase: (Not part of mitosis) The majority of a cell's life cycle, including growth and synthesizing molecules for the next phase. -G1: Major phase of growth. -S: DNA synthesis. -G2: More molecule synthesis.
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; centrioles move to poles, forming spindle fibers. Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve.
- Metaphase: Spindle fibers attach to centromeres, moving chromosomes to the cell's center (equatorial plate).
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite cell sides.
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense into chromatin; spindle fibers break down; nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis takes place.
Meiosis
- Meiosis: A type of cell division for sexual reproduction in testes and ovaries, producing gametes (sperm and eggs).
-
Two Goals:
- Genetic reduction: Daughter cells (haploid) receive half the genetic material of the parent cell (diploid).
- Genetic recombination: The shuffling of alleles in haploids results in genetic variation in the offspring.
- Prophase I: Starts as a diploid cell (e.g., 46 ds chromosomes), where the nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles move to poles to form spindle fibers, homologous chromosomes align (synapse), and the homologous chromosomes exchange DNA segments (crossing over).
- Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the cell's equator.
- Independent Assortment: Homologous chromosomes have multiple ways of being sorted and assorted into daughter cells.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase I: Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, spindle fibers break down, nuclear membranes reform, and cytokinesis occurs.
- Meiosis II: The cells now haploid (e.g., 23 ds chromosomes), then duplicate, align at the cell's equator, separate chromosomes to opposite poles, re-form the nuclear membrane, and undergo cytokinesis to produce 4 haploid cells.
Inheritance Patterns
- Mendelian Inheritance: Traits determined by a single gene with two alleles.
- Sex-linked Inheritance: Traits linked to genes on sex chromosomes (e.g., colorblindness).
- Codominance Inheritance: Both alleles fully expressed in heterozygous individuals.
- Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between two homozygous phenotypes.
- Multiple Alleles: A gene with more than two alleles (e.g., ABO blood types).
Other Relevant Concepts
- Karyotype: Arrangement of an organism's chromosomes.
- Monosomy: Missing a chromosome.
- Trisomy: Extra chromosome.
- Nondisjunction: Error in meiosis where chromosomes fail to separate properly.
- Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material during prophase I of meiosis
- Independent Assortment: Random arrangement of chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis.
- Nucleotides: Basic building blocks of DNA and RNA.
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Description
Test your understanding of key genetics concepts such as alleles, chromosomes, and genotypes. This quiz covers essential terms and definitions related to genetic inheritance. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge and prepare for assessments.
