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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the genotype in genetics?
Which of the following statements accurately describes Gregor Mendel's contributions to genetics?
What characterizes homozygous dominant genotypes?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of selective breeding?
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What is one purpose of selective breeding in agriculture?
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Which of the following is an example of a benefit from selective breeding?
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What does the term 'phenocopy' refer to?
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Which of the following breeds was selectively bred for a specific hunting purpose?
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What is the main difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of a vector in genetic engineering?
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What is the purpose of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
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Which method is NOT commonly used to introduce plasmids to host cells?
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What occurs during the transformation stage of genetic engineering?
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What is the primary function of antibiotic resistance genes in genetic engineering?
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Which statement is true regarding the role of plasmids in genetic engineering?
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Which technique uses an electric shock to introduce plasmids into mammalian cells?
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What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in biology?
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Which classification system was the first accepted in taxonomy?
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Which of the following best describes a monocot plant?
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What is a potential negative impact of selective breeding?
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What distinguishes dicots from monocots?
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What is the primary goal of hybridization?
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How does hybridization differ from classical breeding in terms of genetic diversity?
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Which of the following statements about the Aristotle System is TRUE?
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In terms of morphology, taxonomy focuses on which of the following aspects?
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What is an example of hybrid vigor?
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What happens as a result of inbreeding?
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Why is resource exploitation important in the context of environmental protection?
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What are cotyledons in the context of plant classification?
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What role did Luther Burbank play in hybridization?
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Which of the following statements about selective breeding is true?
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What is a downside of continued inbreeding in a population?
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Who is considered the father of taxonomy?
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Which of the following correctly describes the rules for writing scientific names?
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Which statement best describes binomial nomenclature?
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Which category is broader than a kingdom in the Woese classification system?
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What distinguishes Archae from Bacteria in the Woese three-domain system?
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What is the main reason for having a universal system for naming organisms?
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In the scientific name Allium sativum, what does 'Allium' represent?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the seven main taxonomic categories?
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Study Notes
Golden Rice and Genetics
- Golden Rice is genetically engineered to have high vitamin A content.
- Genotype pertains to the genetic composition of an organism, important classifications include:
- Homozygous Dominant: traits represented by two capital letters (AA)
- Heterozygous: a combination of one dominant and one recessive allele (Aa)
- Homozygous Recessive: traits represented by two small letters (aa)
- Organism’s complete set of heritable genes determines phenotype, which refers to observable physical traits.
- Variation refers to differences in traits between species, while phenocopy describes environmental influence on physical traits.
- Progeny is another term for offspring.
Gregor Mendel and Classical Genetics
- Gregor Mendel is recognized as the Father of Genetics, known for his work with pea plants.
- He formulated three key laws:
- Law of Dominance and Uniformity
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Established principles of heredity, particularly among royal families to maintain desirable traits.
Types of Classical Breeding
- Selective Breeding involves choosing parent organisms with desirable traits to enhance specific traits in offspring.
Steps in Selective Breeding:
- Identify important characteristics for selection.
- Select parents exhibiting those characteristics.
- Choose the best offspring for the next generation.
- Repeat to achieve desired traits continually.
Economic Importance of Selective Breeding
- Animals produced include:
- Dachshund, bred for hunting skills.
- Angus cattle, bred for increased muscle mass.
- Egg-laying hens, bred for higher egg production.
- In plants, benefits include insect resistance and larger flowers.
Purpose and Risks of Selective Breeding
- Aims to improve traits like yield, disease resistance, and growth.
- Benefits include increased food quality and safety (e.g., hornless cattle).
- Risks include reduced genetic variation, susceptibility to diseases, and emergence of genetic diseases.
Hybridization
- Hybridization involves crossing individuals with distinct characteristics to enhance desirable traits.
- Different species or varieties may be crossed to produce hybrids with superior traits (hybrid vigor).
- Example: Liger (offspring of male lion) and Tigon (offspring of male tiger) exhibit larger sizes than their parents.
Steps in Hybridization:
- Select two genetically distinct parents.
- Cross-pollinate or mate to produce hybrids.
- Hybrids often show traits from both parents along with potential hybrid vigor.
Inbreeding and Plant Breeding
- Inbreeding is the continued breeding among similar individuals, increasing disease susceptibility.
- Plant breeding can be either self-pollination (single plant reproduction) or cross-pollination (involving multiple plants for greater variation).
Genetic Engineering Stages
- Isolation involves identifying donor traits and vectors (e.g., plasmids) for genetic transfer.
- Cutting utilizes restriction enzymes to remove desired genes.
- Ligation uses DNA ligase to bond genes into new configurations.
- Transformation creates transgenic organisms by inserting recombinant DNA.
- Methods for introducing plasmids include:
- Biolistics (gene gun technique).
- Heat shock (changes pore size in membranes).
- Electroporation (electric shock to facilitate DNA uptake).
Taxonomy and Classification
- Taxonomy organizes and classifies organisms based on shared traits and evolutionary history.
- Classification involves arranging organisms from broad categories to specific species.
Classification Systems:
- Aristotle's System: Early taxonomy with limited effectiveness lasting 2000 years.
- Linnaean System, developed by Carolus Linnaeus, uses binomial nomenclature for naming organisms based on observable features.
Woese System
- Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system:
- Bacteria: Prokaryote organisms without a nucleus.
- Archae: Prokaryotes distinct from bacteria, often in extreme environments.
- Eukaryote: More complex organisms with nuclei.
Main Taxonomic Categories
- The hierarchy includes Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, with Domain being broader than Kingdom.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Golden Rice and the foundational principles of genetics established by Gregor Mendel. This quiz covers essential concepts such as genotypes, phenotypes, and Mendel's laws of heredity. Challenge yourself to understand the intricate relationships between genetics and observable traits.
