Genetics Quiz: Golden Rice and Mendelian Theory
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the genotype in genetics?

  • Environmental factors influencing traits
  • The complete set of heritable genes (correct)
  • Physical traits observable in an organism
  • Scores from genetic experiments

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes Gregor Mendel's contributions to genetics?

  • He is known for his experiments with pea plants and formulated three laws. (correct)
  • He established the laws of heredity through studies on fruit flies.
  • He was the first to identify and classify all known genes.
  • He discovered the structure of DNA.

    • What characterizes homozygous dominant genotypes?

  • Contains two recessive alleles
  • Is a combination of traits from different species
  • Contains one dominant and one recessive allele
  • Contains two dominant alleles (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of selective breeding?

    <p>Introduce random genetic modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of selective breeding in agriculture?

    <p>To improve specific traits such as yield and disease resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a benefit from selective breeding?

    <p>Creating more or better-quality food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'phenocopy' refer to?

    <p>A physical trait influenced by the organism's environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds was selectively bred for a specific hunting purpose?

    <p>Dachshund for hunting badgers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?

    <p>Self-pollination occurs within the same plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of a vector in genetic engineering?

    <p>It carries genetic material and can replicate in another cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

    <p>To cut the desired genes from DNA sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT commonly used to introduce plasmids to host cells?

    <p>Micropuncture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the transformation stage of genetic engineering?

    <p>A gene is inserted into a host organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibiotic resistance genes in genetic engineering?

    <p>To select for successfully transformed cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the role of plasmids in genetic engineering?

    <p>Plasmids can carry extra genes aside from the main DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique uses an electric shock to introduce plasmids into mammalian cells?

    <p>Electroporation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in biology?

    <p>To classify and name organisms based on characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system was the first accepted in taxonomy?

    <p>Aristotle System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a monocot plant?

    <p>Produces one cotyledon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential negative impact of selective breeding?

    <p>It can increase the risk of genetic diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dicots from monocots?

    <p>Number of cotyledons produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of hybridization?

    <p>To create hybrids that combine traits from different parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hybridization differ from classical breeding in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Hybridization can increase genetic diversity, whereas classical breeding fosters the same species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Aristotle System is TRUE?

    <p>It was in use for approximately 2000 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of morphology, taxonomy focuses on which of the following aspects?

    <p>Structure of internal and external attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of hybrid vigor?

    <p>A liger being larger than either its lion or tiger parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as a result of inbreeding?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of genetic defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is resource exploitation important in the context of environmental protection?

    <p>It highlights the need for rules and regulations to preserve environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cotyledons in the context of plant classification?

    <p>They are the first leaves that develop from a seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Luther Burbank play in hybridization?

    <p>He created the Burbank potatoes to combine desirable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about selective breeding is true?

    <p>It focuses on enhancing traits within a single species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a downside of continued inbreeding in a population?

    <p>It heightens susceptibility to disease and genetic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of taxonomy?

    <p>Carolus Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the rules for writing scientific names?

    <p>The first letter of the genus is capitalized and the species name is written in lowercase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes binomial nomenclature?

    <p>It uses a two-part name to uniquely identify organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category is broader than a kingdom in the Woese classification system?

    <p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Archae from Bacteria in the Woese three-domain system?

    <p>Archae lack a nucleus but have distinct genetic characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for having a universal system for naming organisms?

    <p>To allow consistency in names across different languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scientific name Allium sativum, what does 'Allium' represent?

    <p>The genus name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the seven main taxonomic categories?

    <p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Golden Rice and Genetics

    • Golden Rice is genetically engineered to have high vitamin A content.
    • Genotype pertains to the genetic composition of an organism, important classifications include:
      • Homozygous Dominant: traits represented by two capital letters (AA)
      • Heterozygous: a combination of one dominant and one recessive allele (Aa)
      • Homozygous Recessive: traits represented by two small letters (aa)
    • Organism’s complete set of heritable genes determines phenotype, which refers to observable physical traits.
    • Variation refers to differences in traits between species, while phenocopy describes environmental influence on physical traits.
    • Progeny is another term for offspring.

    Gregor Mendel and Classical Genetics

    • Gregor Mendel is recognized as the Father of Genetics, known for his work with pea plants.
    • He formulated three key laws:
      • Law of Dominance and Uniformity
      • Law of Segregation
      • Law of Independent Assortment
    • Established principles of heredity, particularly among royal families to maintain desirable traits.

    Types of Classical Breeding

    • Selective Breeding involves choosing parent organisms with desirable traits to enhance specific traits in offspring.

    Steps in Selective Breeding:

    • Identify important characteristics for selection.
    • Select parents exhibiting those characteristics.
    • Choose the best offspring for the next generation.
    • Repeat to achieve desired traits continually.

    Economic Importance of Selective Breeding

    • Animals produced include:
      • Dachshund, bred for hunting skills.
      • Angus cattle, bred for increased muscle mass.
      • Egg-laying hens, bred for higher egg production.
    • In plants, benefits include insect resistance and larger flowers.

    Purpose and Risks of Selective Breeding

    • Aims to improve traits like yield, disease resistance, and growth.
    • Benefits include increased food quality and safety (e.g., hornless cattle).
    • Risks include reduced genetic variation, susceptibility to diseases, and emergence of genetic diseases.

    Hybridization

    • Hybridization involves crossing individuals with distinct characteristics to enhance desirable traits.
    • Different species or varieties may be crossed to produce hybrids with superior traits (hybrid vigor).
    • Example: Liger (offspring of male lion) and Tigon (offspring of male tiger) exhibit larger sizes than their parents.

    Steps in Hybridization:

    • Select two genetically distinct parents.
    • Cross-pollinate or mate to produce hybrids.
    • Hybrids often show traits from both parents along with potential hybrid vigor.

    Inbreeding and Plant Breeding

    • Inbreeding is the continued breeding among similar individuals, increasing disease susceptibility.
    • Plant breeding can be either self-pollination (single plant reproduction) or cross-pollination (involving multiple plants for greater variation).

    Genetic Engineering Stages

    • Isolation involves identifying donor traits and vectors (e.g., plasmids) for genetic transfer.
    • Cutting utilizes restriction enzymes to remove desired genes.
    • Ligation uses DNA ligase to bond genes into new configurations.
    • Transformation creates transgenic organisms by inserting recombinant DNA.
    • Methods for introducing plasmids include:
      • Biolistics (gene gun technique).
      • Heat shock (changes pore size in membranes).
      • Electroporation (electric shock to facilitate DNA uptake).

    Taxonomy and Classification

    • Taxonomy organizes and classifies organisms based on shared traits and evolutionary history.
    • Classification involves arranging organisms from broad categories to specific species.

    Classification Systems:

    • Aristotle's System: Early taxonomy with limited effectiveness lasting 2000 years.
    • Linnaean System, developed by Carolus Linnaeus, uses binomial nomenclature for naming organisms based on observable features.

    Woese System

    • Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system:
      • Bacteria: Prokaryote organisms without a nucleus.
      • Archae: Prokaryotes distinct from bacteria, often in extreme environments.
      • Eukaryote: More complex organisms with nuclei.

    Main Taxonomic Categories

    • The hierarchy includes Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, with Domain being broader than Kingdom.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Golden Rice and the foundational principles of genetics established by Gregor Mendel. This quiz covers essential concepts such as genotypes, phenotypes, and Mendel's laws of heredity. Challenge yourself to understand the intricate relationships between genetics and observable traits.

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