Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of DNA ligase in the production of insulin using genetically modified bacteria?
What is the primary role of DNA ligase in the production of insulin using genetically modified bacteria?
- Cutting the plasmid to create sticky ends for insertion of the insulin gene.
- Identifying and isolating the insulin gene from the human DNA.
- Culturing the bacterial cells in fermenters to enhance insulin production.
- Joining the human insulin gene segment with the cut plasmid to form a recombinant plasmid. (correct)
Which of the following steps occurs earliest in the process of producing insulin from genetically modified (GM) bacteria, as depicted?
Which of the following steps occurs earliest in the process of producing insulin from genetically modified (GM) bacteria, as depicted?
- Cutting the plasmids with a restriction enzyme to create sticky ends. (correct)
- Mixing human DNA fragments and cut-out plasmids together to form a recombinant plasmid.
- Culturing the bacterial cell carrying the recombinant plasmid in fermenters.
- Extracting and purifying the produced insulin from the bacterial cultures.
What is the most direct purpose of using restriction enzymes in the context of creating recombinant plasmids for insulin production?
What is the most direct purpose of using restriction enzymes in the context of creating recombinant plasmids for insulin production?
- To purify the insulin after it has been produced by the bacteria.
- To cut both the human DNA and the bacterial plasmid, creating complementary sticky ends. (correct)
- To protect the bacteria from viral infections, thus ensuring successful insulin production.
- To amplify the insulin gene before inserting it into the bacterial plasmid.
How does the genetic modification leading to Golden Rice address nutritional deficiencies?
How does the genetic modification leading to Golden Rice address nutritional deficiencies?
Which concern is most frequently associated with the consumption of genetically modified (GM) crops?
Which concern is most frequently associated with the consumption of genetically modified (GM) crops?
Flashcards
What are Plasmids?
What are Plasmids?
Circular DNA molecules in bacteria, used to carry foreign genes.
What are Restriction Enzymes?
What are Restriction Enzymes?
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, creating 'sticky ends'.
What is DNA Ligase?
What is DNA Ligase?
Enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, sealing 'sticky ends'.
What is a Recombinant plasmid?
What is a Recombinant plasmid?
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What is Golden Rice?
What is Golden Rice?
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Study Notes
- Figure 11.27 summarizes the steps for producing insulin from genetically modified (GM) bacteria.
Steps in Production of Insulin from GM Bacteria
- Plasmids are extracted from a bacterial cell.
- Human DNA is obtained from a human cell and subjected to restriction enzymes.
- The plasmid is cut using the same restriction enzyme used for human DNA, creating sticky ends on both.
- Human DNA fragments, including the segment holding the insulin gene, are mixed with the cut plasmids.
- DNA ligase is used to join the human DNA and plasmids together, forming a recombinant plasmid.
- The bacterial cell carries the recombinant plasmid.
- Bacteria with the recombinant plasmid are cultured in fermenters.
- The insulin produced by the GM bacteria is extracted and purified.
Golden Rice
- Genetically modified rice produces rice grains that are yellow.
- This rice is called golden rice.
- Golden rice is rich in the precursor to vitamin A.
- Vitamin A deficiency in children can cause irreversible blindness and death.
- Consuming golden rice instead of white rice may reduce vitamin A deficiency and its adverse health effects.
- Addressing poverty and food shortages worldwide is the ultimate solution to dietary deficiency problems, golden rice offers a faster way to improve the quality of life in impoverished areas.
Possible Hazards of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops
- Transfer of herbicide resistance genes from GM crops to weed plants, is a key concern.
- Pollen from GM crops can fertilize weed flowers, creating herbicide-resistant "superweeds".
- Cross-pollination can be minimized by blocking pollen production in crop plants while allowing fruit and seed development without fertilization.
- Pest-resistant GM crops produce toxins that may harm human health and beneficial insects.
- GM crops undergo extensive studies before licensing.
- No evidence has been found that GM crops harm human health.
- Toxins produced by pest-resistant crops are highly specific to their target.
- Insects can develop resistance to the toxins produced by GM crops, similar to the effects of common pesticides.
- Rotating pest-resistant crops with non-GM crops in nearby areas is a solution to decrease the likelihood of resistance emerging in pest species.
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Description
Steps for producing insulin from genetically modified (GM) bacteria. Also, genetically modified rice produces rice grains that are yellow called golden rice, which is rich in the precursor to vitamin A.
