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Questions and Answers
A Punnett square is used to predict the probability of different outcomes from ______ crosses.
A Punnett square is used to predict the probability of different outcomes from ______ crosses.
monohybrid
Family tree diagrams are commonly used to trace the ______ of a specific characteristic through generations.
Family tree diagrams are commonly used to trace the ______ of a specific characteristic through generations.
inheritance
In a family tree, males are indicated by a ______ shape.
In a family tree, males are indicated by a ______ shape.
square
A family tree can help calculate the probability that someone will inherit a genetic ______.
A family tree can help calculate the probability that someone will inherit a genetic ______.
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When filling out a Punnett square, you should always write the dominant allele ______ and the recessive allele second.
When filling out a Punnett square, you should always write the dominant allele ______ and the recessive allele second.
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Affected individuals in a family tree are indicated by the color ______.
Affected individuals in a family tree are indicated by the color ______.
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To represent alleles in a Punnett square, it's best to choose letters that are ______ different in appearance between capital and lower case.
To represent alleles in a Punnett square, it's best to choose letters that are ______ different in appearance between capital and lower case.
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Punnett squares help determine the ______ chances of offspring displaying a specific characteristic.
Punnett squares help determine the ______ chances of offspring displaying a specific characteristic.
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A ______ square diagram shows the possible combinations of alleles that could be produced in the offspring.
A ______ square diagram shows the possible combinations of alleles that could be produced in the offspring.
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Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele, represented by the letter ______.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele, represented by the letter ______.
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The probability of an offspring being tall from the genetic cross of two Tt plants is ______%.
The probability of an offspring being tall from the genetic cross of two Tt plants is ______%.
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An individual with cystic fibrosis must be ______ recessive to exhibit the disorder.
An individual with cystic fibrosis must be ______ recessive to exhibit the disorder.
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The chance of two carrier parents producing a child with cystic fibrosis is ______ in 4.
The chance of two carrier parents producing a child with cystic fibrosis is ______ in 4.
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Polydactyly is an example of a genetic disorder that can be ______ from parents to offspring.
Polydactyly is an example of a genetic disorder that can be ______ from parents to offspring.
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In the F2 generation of a cross between two Tt plants, the ratio of tall to short offspring was observed to be ______.
In the F2 generation of a cross between two Tt plants, the ratio of tall to short offspring was observed to be ______.
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Individuals who are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis are known as ______.
Individuals who are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis are known as ______.
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Monohybrid inheritance involves characteristics controlled by a single ______.
Monohybrid inheritance involves characteristics controlled by a single ______.
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A Punnett square displays the possible combinations of ______ that could be produced in the offspring.
A Punnett square displays the possible combinations of ______ that could be produced in the offspring.
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In a genetic cross, the dominant allele is represented by a ______ letter.
In a genetic cross, the dominant allele is represented by a ______ letter.
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The term ‘pure breeding’ indicates that an individual is ______ for that characteristic.
The term ‘pure breeding’ indicates that an individual is ______ for that characteristic.
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When two offspring from a genetic cross are bred together, they produce a range of ______ combinations.
When two offspring from a genetic cross are bred together, they produce a range of ______ combinations.
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Study Notes
Punnett Squares
- Predict the probability of different outcomes from monohybrid crosses.
- Fill in the middle four squares of the Punnett square to determine possible genetic combinations in offspring.
- You may be asked to calculate percentages or determine phenotypes.
Family Trees
- Used to trace inheritance patterns of specific characteristics, usually diseases, through generations.
- Males represented by squares, females by circles.
- Affected individuals are red, unaffected are blue.
- Horizontal lines indicate couples, with children shown underneath.
Predicting Probability
- A Punnett square shows possible allele combinations in offspring.
- It can be used to calculate ratios and probabilities of different phenotypes.
Inherited Disorders
- Some disorders are passed from parents to offspring.
- These disorders are caused by inheriting specific alleles.
- Examples include cystic fibrosis and polydactyly.
Cystic Fibrosis
- This is a genetic disorder of cell membranes.
- It results in thick, sticky mucus buildup in air passages.
- Caused by a recessive allele (f).
- Heterozygous individuals are carriers but not affected.
- Homozygous recessive individuals have the disorder.
Polydactyly
- This disorder is caused by a dominant allele.
- Individuals with at least one dominant allele will have extra fingers or toes.
Predicting Inheritance
- Monohybrid inheritance describes characteristics controlled by a single gene.
- A Punnett square is used to determine possible allele combinations in offspring.
- Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters, recessive by lowercase.
Example: Pea Plant Height
- Tall allele (T) is dominant, short allele (t) is recessive.
- A pure breeding short plant (tt) crossed with a pure breeding tall plant (TT) will produce all tall offspring (Tt).
- When two Tt offspring are crossed, the possible combinations are TT, Tt, and tt.
- The offspring genotypes will show a 3:1 ratio of tall to short.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of Punnett squares and family trees in genetics. You will learn how to predict probabilities of genetic outcomes and trace inheritance patterns for traits and disorders. Examples include monohybrid crosses and inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis.
