Genetics: Pleiotropic Effects and Sickle Cell Anemia

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What is a characteristic of a gene with pleiotropic effects?

It only affects one aspect of an organism's physiology

It is only found in haploid organisms

It can affect various aspects of an organism's development or physiology (correct)

It has a single phenotypic effect

What is the consequence of having multiple alleles for a particular trait in a population?

Reduced genetic variation

Increased genetic variation (correct)

Only two alleles are possible

No change in genetic variation

What is the typical number of chromosomes found in human cells?

23

46 (correct)

48

47

What determines an individual's blood group?

The genes inherited from their parents (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of X-Linked traits?

They are more common due to the larger X chromosome (A) Signup and view all the answers

What determines an individual's sex in eukaryotic organisms?

Sex chromosomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes the red blood cell protein called hemoglobin?

Sickle Cell Anemia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the centromere during cell division?

To ensure proper alignment and segregation of chromosomes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the complex of DNA and proteins that make up the chromosome's structure?

Chromatin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of more than two alleles for a particular trait in a population?

Multiple alleles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of telomeres?

To protect the ends of chromosomes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of DNA replication in a chromosome?

Formation of chromatid (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Down syndrome?

Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of nondisjunction during meiosis?

Gain of a chromosome (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an organism having an additional copy of a particular chromosome?

Trisomy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Trisomy 21?

Down Syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the karyotype of an individual with Trisomy 21?

47, XY +21 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Edwards Syndrome?

Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of duplications in certain genes?

Developmental abnormalities and intellectual disabilities (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which inversions occur?

During DNA repair processes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the pericentric inversion of chromosome 9?

Increased risk of miscarriages and infertility (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of inversions on homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

Disrupted chromosome pairing (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the translocation involving chromosomes 9 and 22?

BCRABL1 fusion gene (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of leukemia is associated with the Philadelphia Chromosome?

Both CML and ALL (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the implications of translocations?

They can lead to the development of genetic disorders and cancers (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of karyotyping?

To examine an individual's chromosomes for abnormalities or variations (D) Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of cell division are chromosomes typically harvested for karyotyping?

Metaphase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of staining chromosomes in karyotyping?

To produce characteristic banding patterns for identification (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the karyotyping process?

Photography and analysis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of sample is typically used for karyotyping?

Blood sample (B) Signup and view all the answers