Genetics: Phenotype and Genotype Quiz

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the term for observable features of an organism?

  • Chromosome
  • Phenotype (correct)
  • Genotype
  • Allele

A homozygous genotype contains two different alleles.

False (B)

What is produced during meiosis?

Gametes

The process of transferring the information from a gene into an mRNA is called ______.

<p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Allele = Alternative form of a gene Heterozygous = Genotype with two different alleles Dominant = Allele that is expressed over another Recessive = Allele that is masked by a dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about sex-linked characteristics?

<p>They are more likely to occur in one gender than another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection is a controlled process that results in adaptive features.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of variation in genetic traits?

<p>Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using DNA ligase in the process of creating a recombinant plasmid?

<p>To join complementary sticky ends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetically modified crops can increase yield and are resistant to pests.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one disadvantage of genetically modified plants.

<p>Decreased biodiversity or gene transfer to weeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ is used to grow microorganisms for product production.

<p>fermenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to microorganisms that respire aerobically in a fermenter?

<p>They require air to be bubbled into the fermenter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the products to their associated uses:

<p>Insulin = Diabetes treatment Penicillin = Antibiotic Mycoprotein = Meat substitute Pectinase = Fruit juice production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi require mixing in the fermenter to grow properly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pH in the fermenter is maintained by adding __________ and __________.

<p>acids, alkalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plants are adapted to areas without water?

<p>Xerophytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A primary source of energy in a food web is the Moon.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts nitrogen gas to ammonium or nitrate ions?

<p>Nitrogen fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ is the process by which plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Producer = An organism that makes its own food Consumer = An organism that eats other organisms Decomposer = An organism that breaks down dead organic matter Carnivore = An organism that eats other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of eutrophication?

<p>Algal bloom forming (A), Less oxygen in water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carnivores typically exist in greater numbers than herbivores.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major cause of species extinction?

<p>Habitat destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monocultures can lead to a reduction in __________.

<p>biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is denitrification?

<p>Conversion of nitrate back to nitrogen gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fertilizers can be substituted with compost or manure to reduce nitrate levels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bacteria in nitrification?

<p>Convert ammonium ions to nitrate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____________ of biomass is more informative than the pyramid of numbers.

<p>pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the conservation method with its description:

<p>Closed seasons = Restrictions on fishing during certain times Seed banks = Storage of plant seeds for preservation Coppicing = Cutting trees to encourage regrowth Quota enforcement = Limits on the amount of fish that can be caught</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism.

Allele

A different form of a gene.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a gene.

Dominant allele

An allele that is expressed over another in a heterozygous genotype.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sex-linked characteristic

A gene occurring on an X chromosome, more common in one sex.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Continuous variation

Variation that does not have distinctive categories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mutation

A random change in a gene's allele.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Selective breeding

Choosing parents with desired traits for offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recombinant plasmid creation

Combining human DNA with a plasmid using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to create a new plasmid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fermenter function

A vessel used to grow microorganisms to produce a desired product, like proteins or medicines.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fermenter sterilization

Using steam to kill unwanted microorganisms in a fermenter to prevent contamination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetically modified plants

Plants with altered genes to enhance traits like pest resistance or drought tolerance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pectinase function

An enzyme that breaks down pectin to improve fruit juice clarity and yield.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microorganism nutrient needs

Microorganisms need glucose for energy and amino acids for protein synthesis in a fermenter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fermenter conditions maintenance

Maintaining optimal temperature and pH in a fermenter to ensure microbe enzyme function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bacteria in biotechnology

Bacteria are valuable in biotechnology due to their rapid reproduction, ability to produce complex molecules, and DNA transfer mechanisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Xerophyte adaptation

Plants adapted to dry areas; have features like rolled leaves, hairs, and thick cuticles to conserve water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrophyte adaptation

Plants adapted to aquatic environments; characterized by large air spaces, aerial roots, and floating seeds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Herbivore energy source

Energy obtained by consuming plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carnivore energy source

Energy obtained by consuming other animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decomposer energy source

Energy obtained by consuming dead organic matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Food chain energy loss

Only about 10% energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next. The rest is lost to respiration and other processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary energy source

The Sun's energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Producer

Organism that makes its own food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Consumer

Organism that eats other organisms for energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Respiration (carbon cycle)

Adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photosynthesis (carbon cycle)

Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrogen Fixation

Converts nitrogen gas to usable forms (ammonium or nitrate).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eutrophication cause

Excess nitrates from fertilizers lead to algal blooms in water systems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Phenotype and Genotype

  • Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism
  • Allele: Alternative form of a gene
  • Heterozygous: Genotype with two different alleles
  • Dominant allele: Allele expressed over another in a heterozygous genotype
  • Recessive allele: Allele not expressed in a heterozygous genotype if a dominant allele is present
  • Homozygous: Genotype with two of the same allele
  • Codominance: Both alleles are expressed, leading to a new phenotype in offspring

Cell Division and Genetics

  • Mitosis: Cell division for growth and repair
  • Meiosis: Cell division for gamete production
  • Sex-linked characteristics: Genes located on the X chromosome, more common in one gender
  • Discontinuous variation: Variation with distinct categories (e.g., blood type)
  • Continuous variation: Variation without distinct categories (e.g., height)
    • Caused by both genes and environment
  • Genetic variation: Difference in alleles within a population
  • Adaptation: Features that enhance survival and reproduction

Selective Breeding and Natural Selection

  • Selective breeding: Human-controlled breeding for desired traits
  • Natural selection: Random process leading to adaptive features
    • Slower than selective breeding
  • Mutation: Random change in a gene's allele
    • Caused by ionizing radiation or chemicals
  • Meiosis: Produces genetically unique gametes

Adaptations to Environment

  • Xerophytes: Plants adapted to dry environments (e.g., rolled leaves, thick cuticles)
  • Hydrophytes: Plants adapted to aquatic environments (e.g., large air spaces, floating seeds)
  • Herbivores: Energy from plants
  • Carnivores: Energy from animals
  • Decomposers: Energy from dead organic matter
  • Energy transfer: Only 10% of energy transferred between trophic levels

Food Webs and Energy Flow

  • Primary energy source: Sun
  • Producer: Organism that makes its own food
  • Consumer: Organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms
  • Food chains and webs: Energy flows from producers to consumers
  • Carbon cycle: Photosynthesis removes CO2; respiration and combustion add it
  • Nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification
  • Pyramid of biomass: Represents the amount of energy at each trophic level

Farming and Agriculture

  • Intensive farming: Pros (increased yield) and cons (disease spread, environmental issues)
  • Fertilizers: Increase crop yield by providing nutrients
  • Insecticides and herbicides: Control pests and weeds

Water Pollution and Eutrophication

  • Water pollution sources: Sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, plastics
  • Eutrophication: Algal blooms from excessive nutrients, causing oxygen depletion

Extinction and Conservation

  • Extinction causes: Habitat destruction, hunting, alien species, pollution, climate change, disease
  • Conservation methods: Protecting habitats, captive breeding, educating the public, enforcing laws
  • Specific examples: Conservation of endangered species, fish stocks, forests

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change

  • Greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide, methane
  • Global warming consequences: Rising sea levels, soil erosion, flooding, habitat loss
  • Pollution from plastics: Accumulate in the environment, harming animals

Biotechnology and Genetic Modification

  • Fermentation: Anaerobic respiration by yeast producing CO2 for baking and ethanol for biofuels
  • Genetic modification: Altering an organism's genetic material
    • Identifying, cutting, and inserting genes
    • Creating recombinant plasmids
    • Growing microorganisms in fermenters
  • Genetic modification in plants: Pest resistance, drought tolerance
    • Potential risks: Transfer of genes to weeds, decreased biodiversity

Enzymes and Industrial Applications

  • Pectinase: Enzyme used to clarify fruit juices by breaking down plant cell walls
  • Biological washing powders: Contain enzymes for faster stain removal at lower temperatures
  • Bacteria in biotechnology: Fast reproduction, complex molecule production, plasmid transfer

Monocultures

  • Monocultures: Advantages (efficient harvesting) and disadvantages (reduced biodiversity, pest problems, soil degradation)

Fermenter Operation

  • Fermenter: Sterilized vessel for growing microorganisms
  • Conditions: Optimized pH, temperature, nutrients, and aeration
  • Product removal: Purifies and concentrates final product

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser