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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of genes within chromosomes?
What is the primary function of genes within chromosomes?
- To segregate during cell division
- To encode functional products, usually proteins (correct)
- To assist in cellular growth
- To provide structural support to the cell
What does the term 'genotype' refer to in genetics?
What does the term 'genotype' refer to in genetics?
- The external appearance resulting from gene expression
- The genetic makeup of an organism (correct)
- The environmental influences on an organism
- The physical attributes of an organism
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
- Prokaryotic cells do not have nuclei (correct)
- Prokaryotic cells are more complex and larger
- Prokaryotic cells lack a plasma membrane
- Prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes surrounded by membranes
What is the role of the pilus in prokaryotic cells?
What is the role of the pilus in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following best describes the 'genome'?
Which of the following best describes the 'genome'?
How do eukaryotes differ structurally from prokaryotes?
How do eukaryotes differ structurally from prokaryotes?
What is the significance of the protective capsule in prokaryotic cells?
What is the significance of the protective capsule in prokaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes 'phenotype'?
Which statement accurately describes 'phenotype'?
What key discovery did Barbara McClintock make regarding the genome?
What key discovery did Barbara McClintock make regarding the genome?
Why is Zea mays particularly useful for genetic analysis?
Why is Zea mays particularly useful for genetic analysis?
What does the 'one gene, one enzyme' hypothesis state?
What does the 'one gene, one enzyme' hypothesis state?
What was the initial reaction of the scientific community to McClintock's findings?
What was the initial reaction of the scientific community to McClintock's findings?
In what year was Barbara McClintock awarded the Nobel Prize?
In what year was Barbara McClintock awarded the Nobel Prize?
What is the primary role of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Which eukaryotic organelle is specifically involved in energy production?
Which eukaryotic organelle is specifically involved in energy production?
What is the ratio of dominant to recessive traits as observed by Mendel in his pea plant experiments?
What is the ratio of dominant to recessive traits as observed by Mendel in his pea plant experiments?
Who first identified nuclein, which is now known as DNA?
Who first identified nuclein, which is now known as DNA?
Which of the following best describes the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory?
Which of the following best describes the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory?
Which cell organelle is found only in plant cells and is involved in photosynthesis?
Which cell organelle is found only in plant cells and is involved in photosynthesis?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to cellular function?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to cellular function?
Which of the following organelles is primarily involved in protein synthesis?
Which of the following organelles is primarily involved in protein synthesis?
Who were the researchers that identified the DNA transforming principle responsible for heredity in 1944?
Who were the researchers that identified the DNA transforming principle responsible for heredity in 1944?
What do Chargaff's rules state regarding the base pairs in DNA?
What do Chargaff's rules state regarding the base pairs in DNA?
Which method did Hershey and Chase use to establish that DNA is responsible for heredity?
Which method did Hershey and Chase use to establish that DNA is responsible for heredity?
What role did Jacob and Monod propose for messenger RNA (mRNA) in 1961?
What role did Jacob and Monod propose for messenger RNA (mRNA) in 1961?
For what discovery did Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun receive a Nobel Prize in 2024?
For what discovery did Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun receive a Nobel Prize in 2024?
What does the chromosome theory of inheritance by Boveri and Sutton propose?
What does the chromosome theory of inheritance by Boveri and Sutton propose?
What conclusion did Thomas Hunt Morgan reach regarding the inheritance of eye color in fruit flies?
What conclusion did Thomas Hunt Morgan reach regarding the inheritance of eye color in fruit flies?
What was a significant finding of Hermann Joseph Muller's experiments with X-rays?
What was a significant finding of Hermann Joseph Muller's experiments with X-rays?
What was the primary focus of Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment?
What was the primary focus of Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment?
What did Joachim Hämmerling's experiments with Acetabularia demonstrate?
What did Joachim Hämmerling's experiments with Acetabularia demonstrate?
Why were Hämmerling's experiments with removing parts of Acetabularia significant?
Why were Hämmerling's experiments with removing parts of Acetabularia significant?
Which statement about the chromosome theory of inheritance is not true?
Which statement about the chromosome theory of inheritance is not true?
What process was first demonstrated by Griffith's 1928 experiment?
What process was first demonstrated by Griffith's 1928 experiment?
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Study Notes
Genetics
- Genetics is the study of genes, their information carrying capacity, the expression of this information and its replication.
Chromosomes
- Physical carriers of hereditary information, containing genes.
Genes
- DNA segments that encode functional products, usually proteins.
Genome
- The total genetic information in a cell.
Genetic Code
- DNA and RNA nucleotide sequences that determine amino acid sequences in proteins.
Central Dogma
- DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.
Genotype
- The genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype
- The expression of genes.
Microorganisms
- Microscopic organisms classified into groups including bacteria, fungi, archaea and protists.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Cells with a capsule for protection, pilus for attachment and cell wall for strength and rigidity.
- Cytoplasm with ribosomes is contained within the plasma membrane.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Cells with a more complex structure than prokaryotic cells, including a cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, chloroplasts (in plants), endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, cytoplasm, chromosomes, vacuoles and centrosomes.
Mendel's Work
- Mendel documented patterns of heredity in pea plants and observed a 3:1 ratio of offspring with a dominant trait to those with a recessive trait.
Miescher's Discovery (1869)
- Friedrich Miescher discovered "nuclein" (DNA) within the nuclei of human white blood cells.
The Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory (1902)
- States that genes are located on specific positions on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendel's laws of inheritance.
Thomas Hunt Morgan's Experiments (1910s)
- Fruit fly experiments provided the first strong support for the chromosome theory of inheritance.
- Observed that a mutation affecting eye colour in fruit flies was inherited differently in males and females, indicating the gene was located on the X chromosome.
Hermann Joseph Muller's X-ray Experiments (1926-1927)
- Demonstrated that x-rays cause genetic mutations, particularly in egg and sperm cells.
Griffith's Experiment (1928)
- First demonstrated that bacteria are capable of genetic information transfer, known as transformation.
Hämmerling's Experiments (1930s-1940s)
- Using Acetabularia algae, established that the genetic information in a eukaryotic cell is located in the nucleus.
Barbara McClintock's Work (1931)
- Demonstrated genetic recombination in corn.
- Discovered transposable elements ("jumping genes"), which can change an organism's genome.
Beadle and Tatum's One Gene One Enzyme Hypothesis (1941)
- Proposed that each enzyme in a biochemical pathway is encoded by a separate gene.
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's Experiment (1944)
- Identified DNA as the transforming principle responsible for heredity.
Chargaff's Rules (1950)
- The amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine in any species.
Hershey and Chase Experiment (1952)
- Used radioactive labeling to definitively prove that DNA is responsible for heredity.
Watson and Crick's Discovery (1953)
- Determined the double helix structure of DNA.
Genome Sequencing (1990)
- Initiation of comprehensive genome sequencing projects.
Jacob and Monod's Proposal (1961)
- Postulated the existence of messenger RNA (mRNA), carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
2024 Nobel Prize In Physiology or Medicine
- Awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for the discovery of microRNA and its role in gene regulation.
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