Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a function of the mitochondria?
All cells arise from pre-existing cells according to cell theory.
True
What are the two different types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
The structure of DNA is described as a __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What principle states that alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation?
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All genetic disorders are caused by environmental factors.
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Name one example of a genetic disorder.
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The jelly-like substance within a cell is called __________.
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CRISPR is primarily used for which purpose?
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Study Notes
Genetics
- Definition: Study of heredity and variation in organisms.
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Key Concepts:
- Genes: Units of heredity made up of DNA.
- DNA Structure: Double helix composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
- Alleles: Different versions of a gene (dominant/recessive).
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Genotype vs Phenotype:
- Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.
- Phenotype: Observable traits or characteristics.
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Mendelian Genetics: Principles of inheritance established by Gregor Mendel.
- Law of Segregation: Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are inherited independently.
- Molecular Genetics: Focuses on the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.
- Genetic Variation: Results from mutations, recombination, and gene flow.
- Genetic Disorders: Inherited conditions caused by mutations (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia).
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Techniques:
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies DNA.
- CRISPR: Gene editing tool.
Cell Biology
- Definition: Study of cell structure and function.
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Key Concepts:
-
Cell Theory:
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus and organelles (e.g., plants, animals).
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Cell Structure:
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance where cellular processes occur.
- Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier that regulates entry/exit of substances.
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Organelles:
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, ATP production.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Protein and lipid synthesis (Rough ER - ribosomes, Smooth ER - no ribosomes).
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for waste removal.
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Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Division of somatic cells for growth and repair.
- Meiosis: Division producing gametes for sexual reproduction.
- Cell Signaling: Communication between cells via chemical signals (hormones, neurotransmitters).
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Cell Metabolism:
- Catabolism: Breakdown of molecules for energy.
- Anabolism: Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.
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Cell Theory:
Genetics
- Study of heredity and variation in organisms.
- Genes: Basic units of heredity composed of DNA.
- DNA Structure: Features a double helix formed by nucleotides, including adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
- Alleles: Variants of a gene, which can be dominant or recessive.
-
Genotype vs Phenotype:
- Genotype refers to the genetic composition of an organism.
- Phenotype encompasses the physical traits and characteristics that are observable.
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Mendelian Genetics: Foundation of inheritance principles by Gregor Mendel.
- Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during the formation of gametes.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Different genes are inherited independently from one another.
- Molecular Genetics: Examines gene structure and functionality on a molecular scale.
- Genetic Variation: Arises from mutations, genetic recombination, and gene flow among populations.
- Genetic Disorders: Diseases inherited due to mutations, including cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia.
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Techniques:
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Method for amplifying DNA samples.
- CRISPR: Advanced gene-editing technology that allows for precise modifications to DNA.
Cell Biology
- Study of cell structure and its functions.
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Cell Theory:
- Asserts that all living beings are made of cells.
- The cell is recognized as the fundamental unit of life.
- All cells originate from pre-existing cells.
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Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic Cells: Cells without a nucleus; typical examples include bacteria.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Cells containing a nucleus and organelles, such as those found in plants and animals.
-
Cell Structure:
- Nucleus: Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA).
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where cellular processes occur.
- Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances.
-
Organelles:
- Mitochondria: Known as the cell’s powerhouse, responsible for ATP production.
- Ribosomes: Engineered for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein (Rough ER) and lipid (Smooth ER) synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: Functions in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes that facilitate waste removal.
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Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Process by which somatic cells divide for growth and repair.
- Meiosis: Specialized division that produces gametes for sexual reproduction.
- Cell Signaling: Mechanisms of communication between cells via hormones and neurotransmitters.
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Cell Metabolism:
- Catabolism: The breakdown of molecules to release energy.
- Anabolism: The biosynthesis of complex molecules from simpler units.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles of genetics, including key concepts such as genes, DNA structure, and Mendelian inheritance. This quiz covers essential topics like genotypes, phenotypes, and genetic disorders, providing a comprehensive overview of heredity and variation in organisms.