Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of inheritance is exemplified by blood type AB, where both A and B alleles are expressed?
Which type of inheritance is exemplified by blood type AB, where both A and B alleles are expressed?
What is a characteristic feature of post-zygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms?
What is a characteristic feature of post-zygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms?
Which mechanism of evolution is best described as a random change in allele frequencies due to chance events?
Which mechanism of evolution is best described as a random change in allele frequencies due to chance events?
Which of the following best describes homologous structures?
Which of the following best describes homologous structures?
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In a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for the offspring if both parents are heterozygous for both traits?
In a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for the offspring if both parents are heterozygous for both traits?
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Study Notes
Genetics
- Terminology: Allele (alternative form of a gene), Genotype (genetic makeup), Phenotype (observable traits), Homozygous (two identical alleles), Heterozygous (two different alleles).
- Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction involves gametes (sex cells) and fertilization, while asexual reproduction does not.
- Meiosis: Cell division process forming gametes. Crossing over (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes). Potential errors include nondisjunction (failure of chromosomes to separate properly) leading to aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number).
- Chromosomal Abnormalities: Structural changes (deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations) and numerical changes.
- Mendel's Laws of Inheritance: Principle of segregation (alleles separate during gamete formation), Principle of independent assortment (different genes assort independently)
- Dominant/Recessive Traits: Dominant traits express over recessive traits.
- Punnett Squares: Diagrams used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in monohybrid (single trait) and dihybrid (two trait) crosses.
- Non-Mendellian Inheritance: Codominance (both alleles equally expressed), Incomplete dominance (intermediate phenotype), Continuous vs. Discontinuous inheritance (continuous traits show a range, discontinuous traits have distinct categories), Blood types (ABO system), Sex-linked inheritance (traits linked to sex chromosomes), Pedigrees (family trees showing inheritance patterns).
DNA & RNA
- Nucleotide Components: Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose/ribose), nitrogenous base.
- DNA Structure: Double helix, antiparallel strands, base pairing (A-T, C-G).
- RNA Structure: Single-stranded, uracil instead of thymine.
- DNA Replication: Process of copying DNA.
- Transcription: Process of creating RNA from DNA template.
- Translation: Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
- Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence. Types include substitution, insertion, deletion. Impact can range from no effect to severe effects on proteins.
Genetic Diseases
- Diseases caused by variations or mutations in genes.
Evolution
- History of Evolution: Key figures like Darwin, Buffon, Lamarck, Hutton, Lyell, and Malthus contributed to evolutionary theory.
- Evidence of Evolution: Fossils, geographical distribution of species, anatomical similarities (homologous/analogous structures, vestigial features), and genetic similarities.
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Natural selection (differential survival and reproduction based on traits). Sexual selection (traits that increase mating success). Genetic drift (random changes in allele frequencies) including bottleneck effect (population reduction) and founder effect (new population from a small group). Mutation, Gene flow (movement of genes between populations). Evolutionary fitness (reproductive success). Allele frequencies. Modes of selection (directional, stabilizing, disruptive)
- Speciation: Process of forming new species, types including reproductive isolation (pre-zygotic/post-zygotic), transformation (anagenesis), divergence (cladogenesis). Types of speciation (allopatric, sympatric, parapatric).
- Patterns of Evolution: Divergent evolution (species from a common ancestor evolve differently). Convergent evolution (unrelated species evolve similar traits). Coevolution (species evolve in response to each other). Adaptive radiation (single ancestral species diversifies into many new species).
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Description
Test your knowledge on key genetics concepts such as alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes. This quiz also covers the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction, as well as important processes like meiosis and Mendel's laws of inheritance. Perfect for students of biology!
