Genetics Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is one key feature of DNA as genetic material?

  • DNA is solely responsible for protein synthesis.
  • DNA is easily degradable.
  • DNA cannot mutate.
  • DNA is stored organized into genes. (correct)

Which statement accurately reflects a difference between RNA and DNA?

  • DNA is more stable than RNA for carrying complex information. (correct)
  • DNA is synthesized directly into proteins without intermediaries.
  • RNA can replicate information more reliably than DNA.
  • RNA is responsible for long-term information storage.

What process describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein?

  • Chromosome condensation.
  • Translocation.
  • Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. (correct)
  • Gene expression.

Which of the following is NOT a step involved in DNA replication?

<p>Translation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approximates the role of a gene in an organism?

<p>It controls the production of proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process whereby the old strands of DNA serve as templates for new strands?

<p>Semi-conservative replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of RNA in the context of genetic information?

<p>To assist in protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides?

<p>DNA helicase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for adding new nucleotides to the parent strands during DNA replication?

<p>DNA polymerase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell?

<p>Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the DNA during the transcription process?

<p>DNA unzips and serves as a template for mRNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of DNA ligase?

<p>Seals breaks in the newly synthesized DNA strands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In translation, which molecule is primarily responsible for assembling amino acids into proteins?

<p>tRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which base pairs with adenine in RNA during transcription?

<p>Uracil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix?

<p>DNA helicase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

<p>DNA → RNA → Protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogen bases are classified as purines?

<p>Adenine and Guanine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA in cells?

<p>To provide a physical blueprint for protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?

<p>Amino acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the structure of DNA as identified by Watson and Crick?

<p>Double helix composed of nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about nucleic acids is true?

<p>They store and transmit genetic information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a role of DNA?

<p>Storing information for protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

<p>RNA has ribose sugar while DNA has deoxyribose sugar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

<p>A specific sequence of nitrogenous bases that codes for proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA Replication

The process of creating two identical DNA molecules from a single original DNA molecule.

Semi-conservative Replication

Method of DNA replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly-synthesized strand.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

DNA to RNA to Protein. The process that explains how genetic information flows within a biological system

Transcription

The process of making an RNA molecule from a DNA template.

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Translation

The process of using an RNA molecule (mRNA) to create a protein.

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Gene

A sequence of DNA that contains the instructions for a specific protein.

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Nucleotide

The building block of DNA; made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.

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Protein Synthesis

The overall process of creating proteins from DNA instructions involving transcription and translation.

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DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that adds new nucleotides to the DNA strand during replication.

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RNA polymerase

Enzyme that builds mRNA during transcription.

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Complementary base pairing

A to T and G to C (or U in RNA) in DNA/RNA.

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Nitrogenous Bases

The organic bases found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

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Pyrimidines

A group of nitrogenous bases including Thymine and Cytosine (DNA) and Uracil (RNA).

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Purines

A group of nitrogenous bases including Adenine and Guanine.

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DNA Function

Stores genetic information, directs protein synthesis, and carries hereditary information.

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Nucleic Acid

Organic compounds that store and transmit genetic information.

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DNA Structure

A double helix formed by repeating nucleotides bonded together by a sugar-phosphate backbone.

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Study Notes

Gregor Mendel/Gregor Johann Mendel

  • Father of genetics
  • Discovered fundamental laws of inheritance
  • Studied pea plant (Pisum sativum) breeding

Chromosome

  • Thread-like structures within the nucleus
  • Composed of DNA and protein
  • Carry genetic information

46 Chromosomes in Humans

  • 23 pairs
  • 44 pairs are autosomes
  • 1 pair (45-46) are sex chromosomes

Types of Cells

  • Somatic cells
  • Sex cells

Heredity and Genetics

  • Heredity: Passing of traits from parents to offspring
  • Genetics: Study of how traits are passed down

Fertilization

  • Fusion of sex cells (gametes)

DNA

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Carries genetic information

Gene

  • Segment of DNA
  • Contains instructions for building proteins

Karyotype

  • Visual representation of an individual's chromosome set

Punnett Square

  • Tool to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes
  • Used to determine probabilities

Monohybrid Cross

  • Breeding of two organisms with one pair of contrasting characteristics

Monohybrid Inheritance

  • Inheritance involving one pair of contrasting characteristics
  • Controlled by a single gene

Homozygous Recessive and Dominant

  • Homozygous recessive: Two identical recessive alleles
  • Homozygous dominant: Two identical dominant alleles

Heterozygous

  • One dominant and one recessive allele

Genotype and Phenotype

  • Genotype: An organism's complete genetic makeup
  • Phenotype: Observable expression of traits

Alleles and Recessive Alleles

  • Alleles: Different forms of a gene
  • Recessive allele: Does not express a trait if only one copy is present

Dominant Allele

  • Observe traits
  • Produce phenotype, even if an individual has one copy

Parental and Pure Breeding Generation

  • Parental Generation: First organisms crossed for breeding experiments
  • Pure breeding: Offspring produce only one form of trait

Alleles

  • Alternative forms of a gene
  • Responsible for different traits

Selective Breeding and Hybridization

  • Selective Breeding: Humans choosing specific organisms to reproduce based on desired traits
  • Hybridization: Crossing different species or varieties to combine traits

Transgenic Organisms

  • Organisms with DNA from a different species (genetically modified)

Gene Pharming

  • Producing pharmaceuticals using genetically modified animals

Knockout Mice

  • Lab-created mice with a specific gene turned off
  • Researcher to understand gene function in health and disease

Xenotransplantation

  • Transplanting organs/tissues between species

Law of Segregation

  • During gamete formation, alleles separate, each gamete receives only one allele

Law of Independent Assortment

  • Alleles segregate independently during gamete formation

F1 and F2 Generations

  • F1 Generation: First generation offspring
  • F2 Generation: Second generation (second generation from F1 parents)

Codominance

  • Both traits fully expressed when heterozygous
  • Spotted or speckled pattern in offspring

Incomplete Dominance

  • Neither allele completely dominates
  • Offspring express a blended phenotype

Multiple Alleles

  • Three or more gene variants in a population
  • Greater genetic diversity

Sex-Linked Inheritance

  • Traits determined by genes on sex chromosomes
  • X-linked or Y-linked traits

Sex-Influenced Traits

  • Traits controlled by autosomal genes
  • Expression differs depending on sex hormones

Sex-Limited Traits

  • Autosomal gene expression limited to one sex
  • Hormone dependent

DNA and RNA

  • DNA: Genetic material, double helix structure
  • RNA: Involved in protein synthesis, single-stranded

DNA Structure

  • Deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.
  • Nitrogen bases: Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Guanine(G) and Cytosine(C)
  • Double helix structure

DNA Functions

  • Store genetic information
  • Direct cell processes
  • Produce proteins

RNA Structure

  • Ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
  • Single stranded form

RNA Functions

  • Carry out coded genetic instructions for protein synthesis

Transcription

  • Makes a working copy of a gene
  • mRNA carries the copy to ribosomes for protein synthesis

Translation

  • mRNA code translated into amino acids
  • Proteins assembled by ribosomes

Biotechnology

  • Use of living organisms, like plants or bacteria to make helpful products
  • Combine biology and technology

Genetic Engineering

  • Direct manipulation of an organisms DNA
  • Add, remove, or modify genes

Recombinant DNA

  • Combining DNA from different sources

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