Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
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Questions and Answers

What is the law of independent assortment?

  • The alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation
  • Only one allele of a gene is expressed during gamete formation
  • Alleles of genes on non-homologous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation (correct)
  • Alleles of genes on the same chromosome always assort together

    • What is the genotype of the F1 plants?

  • YrRr
  • YYRR
  • YyRr (correct)
  • yyrr

    • What is the result of a cross between two F1 plants?

  • All yellow-round seeds
  • A 1:1:1:1 ratio of yellow-round to green-wrinkled seeds
  • A 9:3:3:1 ratio of yellow-round to green-wrinkled seeds (correct)
  • A 3:1 ratio of yellow-round to green-wrinkled seeds

    • What is the law of segregation?

    <p>The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of the P generation?

    <p>yyrr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of meiosis?

    <p>To create gametes with a unique combination of alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the law of independent assortment?

    <p>A random and independent combination of alleles from different genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the genes for yellow/green and round/wrinkled seeds?

    <p>They are on different chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of deletion of part of chromosome 5 in humans?

    <p>Cri du chat syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is caused by the XXY karyotype?

    <p>Klinefelter syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exchange of chromosomal fragments between non-homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22?

    <p>Chronic myelogenous leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is characterized by the presence of a Y chromosome in an individual with a XX karyotype?

    <p>XX male syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only known viable monosomy in humans?

    <p>Turner syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inheritance of genes located outside the nucleus?

    <p>Cytoplasmic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the exchange of chromosomal fragments between homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Genetic recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which genes on the same chromosome are separated?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I?

    <p>One gamete receives both homologous chromosomes, and another gamete receives none</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of recombination for unlinked genes?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ordered list of genetic loci along a particular chromosome?

    <p>Genetic map</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of aneuploidy in humans?

    <p>Birth defects and intellectual disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exchange of segments between nonhomologous chromosomes?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of recombination for completely linked genes?

    <p>0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of abnormal chromosome number?

    <p>Aneuploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of ATP synthase disorders?

    <p>Serious neuromuscular disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Three-person IVF' procedure?

    <p>To enable women with mitochondrial DNA disorders to have healthy children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of inheritance of Huntington's disease?

    <p>Autosomal dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a trisomy 21?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of completely linked genes?

    <p>There is no genetic recombination between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the deterioration of muscles?

    <p>Myopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of inheritance of Haemophilia?

    <p>X-linked recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a genetic recombination between incompletely linked genes?

    <p>RF = 0 - 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of mammalian genes are affected by genomic imprinting?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of DNA methylation in genomic imprinting?

    <p>Gene silencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allele is normally silenced by methylation in the Igf2 gene in humans?

    <p>Maternal allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of abnormal activation of the maternal Igf2 allele during egg formation or early development?

    <p>Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are extranuclear genes inherited maternally?

    <p>Because the zygote's cytoplasm comes from the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disorder caused by defects in mitochondrial genes that prevent cells from making enough ATP?

    <p>Mitochondrial disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inheritance of genes found in organelles in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Inheritance of organelle genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Igf2 gene in humans?

    <p>Growth factor essential for embryonic/fetal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Three-person IVF' procedure in relation to mitochondrial disorders?

    <p>To enable women with mitochondrial DNA disorders to have healthy children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance patterns?

    <p>One requires two copies of the mutant allele, the other requires one copy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a mitochondrial disorder that affects the production of ATP?

    <p>Muscle weakness and nerve deterioration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of inheritance of genes located on the X chromosome?

    <p>X-linked recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which genes on the same chromosome are separated?

    <p>Genetic recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in humans?

    <p>Chromosomal abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of a Y chromosome in an individual with a XX karyotype?

    <p>XX male syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cross between two F1 plants, each with the genotype YyRr?

    <p>A 9:3:3:1 ratio of yellow-round, yellow-wrinkled, green-round, and green-wrinkled seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of the F1 plants produced by crossing a yellow-round seed with a green-wrinkled seed?

    <p>YyRr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do the alleles of genes on non-homologous chromosomes assort independently?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the law of segregation in the context of the seeds?

    <p>The separation of alleles during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation?

    <p>Law of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected ratio of yellow-round seeds to green-wrinkled seeds in the F2 generation?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of the P generation?

    <p>yyrr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do the alleles of each gene separate?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two genes are incompletely linked, what is the frequency of recombination between them?

    <p>Between 0% and 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I?

    <p>Genetic recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a trisomy 18?

    <p>Edwards syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inheritance of genes located on the same chromosome?

    <p>Linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of nondisjunction of sister chromatids during meiosis II?

    <p>Aneuploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies?

    <p>Linkage map</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a deletion of a chromosomal segment?

    <p>Loss of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of three copies of a particular chromosome?

    <p>Trisomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of genomic imprinting on the expression of the Igf2 gene in mice?

    <p>The maternal allele is silenced and the paternal allele is expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical consequence of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?

    <p>Overgrowth and increased risk of childhood cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inheritance pattern of extranuclear genes?

    <p>Maternal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Igf2 gene in humans?

    <p>Regulation of embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of abnormal activation of the maternal Igf2 allele during egg formation or early development?

    <p>Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of mammalian genes affected by genomic imprinting?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of genomic imprinting?

    <p>DNA methylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern of inheritance observed in the variegated leaves of the Croton dioicus plant?

    <p>Maternal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for genes located far away from each other on the same chromosome to behave as unlinked genes?

    <p>The probability of recombination between them is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is characterized by an abnormal chromosome number?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of genomic imprinting?

    <p>DNA methylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of X-inactivation in mammalian females?

    <p>One X chromosome is randomly inactivated in somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about organellar genes is true?

    <p>They are inherited from the mother only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between chromosomal abnormalities and gene expression regulation?

    <p>One affects chromosome number, while the other affects gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the silencing of either the paternal or maternal alleles of certain genes in genomic imprinting?

    <p>Decreased gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inheritance of genes found in the nucleus of cells?

    <p>Nuclear inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

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