80 Questions
What is the law of independent assortment?
Alleles of genes on non-homologous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation
What is the genotype of the F1 plants?
YyRr
What is the result of a cross between two F1 plants?
A 9:3:3:1 ratio of yellow-round to green-wrinkled seeds
What is the law of segregation?
The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation
What is the genotype of the P generation?
yyrr
What is the function of meiosis?
To create gametes with a unique combination of alleles
What is the result of the law of independent assortment?
A random and independent combination of alleles from different genes
What is the relationship between the genes for yellow/green and round/wrinkled seeds?
They are on different chromosomes
What is the result of deletion of part of chromosome 5 in humans?
Cri du chat syndrome
Which syndrome is caused by the XXY karyotype?
Klinefelter syndrome
What is the term for the exchange of chromosomal fragments between non-homologous chromosomes?
Translocation
What is the result of the reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22?
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Which syndrome is characterized by the presence of a Y chromosome in an individual with a XX karyotype?
XX male syndrome
What is the only known viable monosomy in humans?
Turner syndrome
What is the term for the inheritance of genes located outside the nucleus?
Cytoplasmic inheritance
What is the result of the exchange of chromosomal fragments between homologous chromosomes?
Genetic recombination
What is the term for the process by which genes on the same chromosome are separated?
Crossing over
What is the result of nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I?
One gamete receives both homologous chromosomes, and another gamete receives none
What is the frequency of recombination for unlinked genes?
50%
What is the term for the ordered list of genetic loci along a particular chromosome?
Genetic map
What is the result of aneuploidy in humans?
Birth defects and intellectual disability
What is the term for the exchange of segments between nonhomologous chromosomes?
Translocation
What is the frequency of recombination for completely linked genes?
0%
What is the term for the presence of abnormal chromosome number?
Aneuploidy
What is the result of ATP synthase disorders?
Serious neuromuscular disorders
What is the purpose of the 'Three-person IVF' procedure?
To enable women with mitochondrial DNA disorders to have healthy children
What is the mode of inheritance of Huntington's disease?
Autosomal dominant
What is the result of a trisomy 21?
Down syndrome
What is the characteristic of completely linked genes?
There is no genetic recombination between them
What is the term for the deterioration of muscles?
Myopathy
What is the mode of inheritance of Haemophilia?
X-linked recessive
What is the result of a genetic recombination between incompletely linked genes?
RF = 0 - 50%
What percentage of mammalian genes are affected by genomic imprinting?
1%
What is the result of DNA methylation in genomic imprinting?
Gene silencing
Which allele is normally silenced by methylation in the Igf2 gene in humans?
Maternal allele
What is the outcome of abnormal activation of the maternal Igf2 allele during egg formation or early development?
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Why are extranuclear genes inherited maternally?
Because the zygote's cytoplasm comes from the egg
What is the name of the disorder caused by defects in mitochondrial genes that prevent cells from making enough ATP?
Mitochondrial disorder
What is the term for the inheritance of genes found in organelles in the cytoplasm?
Inheritance of organelle genes
What is the purpose of the Igf2 gene in humans?
Growth factor essential for embryonic/fetal development
What is the purpose of the 'Three-person IVF' procedure in relation to mitochondrial disorders?
To enable women with mitochondrial DNA disorders to have healthy children
What is the main difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance patterns?
One requires two copies of the mutant allele, the other requires one copy
What is the result of a mitochondrial disorder that affects the production of ATP?
Muscle weakness and nerve deterioration
What is the term for the exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?
Translocation
What is the mode of inheritance of genes located on the X chromosome?
X-linked recessive
What is the term for the process by which genes on the same chromosome are separated?
Genetic recombination
What is the consequence of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in humans?
Chromosomal abnormalities
What is the term for the presence of a Y chromosome in an individual with a XX karyotype?
XX male syndrome
What is the result of a cross between two F1 plants, each with the genotype YyRr?
A 9:3:3:1 ratio of yellow-round, yellow-wrinkled, green-round, and green-wrinkled seeds
What is the genotype of the F1 plants produced by crossing a yellow-round seed with a green-wrinkled seed?
YyRr
During which stage of meiosis do the alleles of genes on non-homologous chromosomes assort independently?
Metaphase I
What is the result of the law of segregation in the context of the seeds?
The separation of alleles during gamete formation
What is the term for the process by which the two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation?
Law of Segregation
What is the expected ratio of yellow-round seeds to green-wrinkled seeds in the F2 generation?
9:3:3:1
What is the genotype of the P generation?
yyrr
During which stage of meiosis do the alleles of each gene separate?
Anaphase I
When two genes are incompletely linked, what is the frequency of recombination between them?
Between 0% and 50%
What is the term for the process of crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I?
Genetic recombination
What is the result of a trisomy 18?
Edwards syndrome
What is the term for the inheritance of genes located on the same chromosome?
Linkage
What is the result of nondisjunction of sister chromatids during meiosis II?
Aneuploidy
What is the term for the genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies?
Linkage map
What is the result of a deletion of a chromosomal segment?
Loss of genetic information
What is the term for the presence of three copies of a particular chromosome?
Trisomy
What is the effect of genomic imprinting on the expression of the Igf2 gene in mice?
The maternal allele is silenced and the paternal allele is expressed.
What is the typical consequence of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?
Overgrowth and increased risk of childhood cancer
What is the inheritance pattern of extranuclear genes?
Maternal
What is the function of the Igf2 gene in humans?
Regulation of embryonic development
What is the consequence of abnormal activation of the maternal Igf2 allele during egg formation or early development?
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
What is the percentage of mammalian genes affected by genomic imprinting?
1%
What is the mechanism of genomic imprinting?
DNA methylation
What is the pattern of inheritance observed in the variegated leaves of the Croton dioicus plant?
Maternal
What is the primary reason for genes located far away from each other on the same chromosome to behave as unlinked genes?
The probability of recombination between them is high
Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is characterized by an abnormal chromosome number?
Down syndrome
What is the primary mechanism of genomic imprinting?
DNA methylation
What is the result of X-inactivation in mammalian females?
One X chromosome is randomly inactivated in somatic cells
Which of the following statements about organellar genes is true?
They are inherited from the mother only
What is the primary difference between chromosomal abnormalities and gene expression regulation?
One affects chromosome number, while the other affects gene expression
What is the result of the silencing of either the paternal or maternal alleles of certain genes in genomic imprinting?
Decreased gene expression
What is the term for the inheritance of genes found in the nucleus of cells?
Nuclear inheritance
Test your understanding of the law of independent assortment, meiosis, and the resulting gametes and genotypes. This quiz covers the concepts of alleles, genes, and chromosomes, and how they interact during gamete formation.
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