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Questions and Answers
What term describes an organism with two identical alleles for a specific trait?
What term describes an organism with two identical alleles for a specific trait?
Which process describes the separation of chromosomes during gamete formation?
Which process describes the separation of chromosomes during gamete formation?
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of offspring from a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous parents?
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of offspring from a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous parents?
Which term refers to a chart that traces the inheritance of a trait through generations?
Which term refers to a chart that traces the inheritance of a trait through generations?
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In genetics, what does the term 'gamete' refer to?
In genetics, what does the term 'gamete' refer to?
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What type of genetic cross examines the inheritance of two different traits?
What type of genetic cross examines the inheritance of two different traits?
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What does the Law of Segregation state?
What does the Law of Segregation state?
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What describes an genetic variant that does not mask the expression of another allele?
What describes an genetic variant that does not mask the expression of another allele?
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Study Notes
Key Terms
- Gregor Mendel: An Austrian monk who experimented with pea plants to study inheritance patterns
- Dominant: A trait that masks the expression of a recessive trait
- Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a trait
- Recessive: A trait that is masked by a dominant trait
- Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a trait
- Gamete: A reproductive cell (sperm or egg)
- Monohybrid Cross: A genetic cross involving a single trait
- Meiosis: Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half
- Offspring: The product of reproduction
- Haploid: Having a single set of chromosomes
- F1 Generation: The first generation of offspring from a genetic cross
- Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes
- F2 Generation: The second generation of offspring from a genetic cross
- Zygote: A fertilized egg
- Allele: Different versions of a gene
- Genetic Variation: Differences in genes amongst individuals
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism
- Crossing Over: The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
- Linked Genes: Genes located close together on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together
- Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene separate (segregate), so that each gamete receives only one allele.
- Law of Independent Assortment: The alleles of different genes segregate independently of each other during gamete formation.
- Probability: The likelihood of a specific outcome occurring
- Sex-linked: Traits controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes
- Polygenic Trait: A trait controlled by multiple genes
- Karyotype: A visual representation of an organism's chromosomes
- Codominance: Both alleles in a heterozygous genotype are fully expressed
- Incomplete Dominance: Neither allele completely masks the other in a heterozygous genotype and the offspring expresses a blending of the two traits
- Multiple Alleles: More than two alleles exist for a given gene
- Autosome: A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
- Sex Chromosome: A chromosome that determines the sex of an organism
- Nondisjunction: The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis
- Pedigree: A diagram that shows the inheritance of a trait over several generations
- Carrier: A person who carries a recessive allele but does not express the trait
- Bioinformatics: The application of computer science and information technology to biological data
- Gel Electrophoresis: A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size
- DNA Fingerprint: A unique pattern of DNA fragments that can be used to identify an individual
- CRISPR: A gene-editing technology that allows for precise modifications to DNA sequences
- Phenotype: The observable physical characteristics of an organism
- Gene Therapy: A technique to correct genetic defects
- GMO: Genetically Modified Organism
- Sex Chromosome: A chromosome that determines the sex of an organism, like X or Y
Mendel's Experiments
- Mendel's experiments used pea plants, observing traits like flower color.
- He performed controlled crosses (experimentation with plant breeding).
- He didn't know about DNA but observed patterns of inheritance.
Mendel's Observations
- True-breeding parent generation (P): purple and white flowers respectively
- F1 Generation: All plants had purple flowers
- F2 Generation: 705 purple-flowered plants and 224 white-flowered plants (3:1 ratio)
- This simple observation indicated a pattern of inheritance.
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Description
Test your understanding of key genetics terminology with this quiz. From Gregor Mendel's contributions to fundamental concepts like dominant and recessive traits, this quiz covers essential terms that shape the study of heredity. Perfect for students of biology or anyone interested in genetic principles.
