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Questions and Answers
Recessive traits are expressed only in the homozygous state.
Recessive traits are expressed only in the homozygous state.
True
Gregor Mendel was a completely self-trained scientist and never attended university.
Gregor Mendel was a completely self-trained scientist and never attended university.
False
Pedigree construction can be a difficult task.
Pedigree construction can be a difficult task.
True
Chi-square tests are used to determine whether a cross has been correctly constructed and analyzed.
Chi-square tests are used to determine whether a cross has been correctly constructed and analyzed.
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People with albinism carry two copies of the dominant allele (AA) and cannot make a pigment called melanin.
People with albinism carry two copies of the dominant allele (AA) and cannot make a pigment called melanin.
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If a dihybrid cross is begun with a P1 generation of a true-breeding plant that produces smooth and yellow peas, crossed with a plant that produces wrinkled green peas, the F1 plants will all be smooth and yellow.
If a dihybrid cross is begun with a P1 generation of a true-breeding plant that produces smooth and yellow peas, crossed with a plant that produces wrinkled green peas, the F1 plants will all be smooth and yellow.
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Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is caused by the inability to metabolize amino acids and fats.
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is caused by the inability to metabolize amino acids and fats.
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Mendel chose to study pea plants because they have a long life cycle that offers ample time for analysis.
Mendel chose to study pea plants because they have a long life cycle that offers ample time for analysis.
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Incomplete dominance is the expression of a phenotype that is intermediate to those of the parents.
Incomplete dominance is the expression of a phenotype that is intermediate to those of the parents.
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When analyzing a cross involving two traits, each trait is analyzed separately, and then the frequencies of each are combined.
When analyzing a cross involving two traits, each trait is analyzed separately, and then the frequencies of each are combined.
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In his monohybrid crosses, Mendel deduced that one trait was recessive because that trait was ____.
In his monohybrid crosses, Mendel deduced that one trait was recessive because that trait was ____.
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In a monohybrid cross with complete dominance, the F2 offspring should contain ____.
In a monohybrid cross with complete dominance, the F2 offspring should contain ____.
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Alternate forms of a gene are called ____.
Alternate forms of a gene are called ____.
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Independent assortment means that the ____.
Independent assortment means that the ____.
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In a cross between a true-breeding plant bearing the dominant traits of smooth, yellow seeds and a true-breeding plant bearing the recessive traits of wrinkled, green seeds, the genotype of the offspring (F1) is ____.
In a cross between a true-breeding plant bearing the dominant traits of smooth, yellow seeds and a true-breeding plant bearing the recessive traits of wrinkled, green seeds, the genotype of the offspring (F1) is ____.
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In a P1 cross involving incomplete dominance, ____.
In a P1 cross involving incomplete dominance, ____.
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Phenotype is ____.
Phenotype is ____.
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In codominant inheritance, ____.
In codominant inheritance, ____.
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A locus is ____.
A locus is ____.
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Pedigrees ____.
Pedigrees ____.
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In genetics, a chi-square test can be used to determine ____.
In genetics, a chi-square test can be used to determine ____.
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In a pedigree, a person whose symbol is filled in and who is associated with the Roman numeral II is ____.
In a pedigree, a person whose symbol is filled in and who is associated with the Roman numeral II is ____.
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The offspring (F1) resulting from the cross between two red flowered plants are 3/4 red and 1/4 white. The most likely genotype of both red flowered parental plants (P1) is ____.
The offspring (F1) resulting from the cross between two red flowered plants are 3/4 red and 1/4 white. The most likely genotype of both red flowered parental plants (P1) is ____.
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In humans, hair texture is an incompletely dominant trait. Curly is the dominant genotype, wavy is heterozygous, and straight hair is recessive. What is the probable phenotypic ratio for a cross between a man with wavy hair and a woman with curly hair?
In humans, hair texture is an incompletely dominant trait. Curly is the dominant genotype, wavy is heterozygous, and straight hair is recessive. What is the probable phenotypic ratio for a cross between a man with wavy hair and a woman with curly hair?
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Some forms of methylmalonic acidemia can be ____.
Some forms of methylmalonic acidemia can be ____.
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The topic of ____, the idea of the fundamental unit of living organisms, raised several questions in Mendel's mind about inheritance.
The topic of ____, the idea of the fundamental unit of living organisms, raised several questions in Mendel's mind about inheritance.
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Mendel selected pea plants for his experiments because ____.
Mendel selected pea plants for his experiments because ____.
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Mendel analyzed his pea plant data using the principles of ____.
Mendel analyzed his pea plant data using the principles of ____.
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Ockham's razor could also be called the principle of ____.
Ockham's razor could also be called the principle of ____.
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The first genetic trait described in humans was ____.
The first genetic trait described in humans was ____.
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Study Notes
Genetics Fundamentals
- Recessive traits require a homozygous state for expression, contrasting with dominant traits.
- Gregor Mendel received formal education, attending university, which contributed to his foundational work in genetics.
Pedigree and Cross Analysis
- Constructing pedigrees can be complex but crucial for understanding inheritance patterns.
- Chi-square tests assess the fitness of hypothesized crosses by comparing expected vs. actual outcomes.
Mendelian Genetics
- Individuals with albinism have two copies of the recessive allele (aa), leading to the inability to produce melanin.
- Dihybrid crosses initiated with true-breeding dominant smooth, yellow seeds crossed with recessive wrinkled, green seeds produce all F1 plants exhibiting dominant traits.
- Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes in offspring.
Genotype and Phenotype
- The genotype of F1 offspring from dominant and recessive trait parents is heterozygous (SsYy).
- Phenotypes represent observable characteristics of an organism, influenced by genotypic makeup.
- Codominance results in distinct expression of both alleles in a heterozygous individual.
Genetic terminology
- Alleles refer to different forms of a gene; loci indicate a gene's specific location on a chromosome.
- Independent assortment describes how different gene pairs segregate independently during gamete formation.
Pedigree Analysis and Trait Inheritance
- Pedigrees illustrate inheritance patterns, with symbols indicating affected individuals and generations.
- The genetic makeup of red-flowered parent plants in a cross yielding 3:1 offspring is most likely heterozygous.
Hair Texture Inheritance Example
- Hair texture in humans shows incomplete dominance; a cross between a wavy-haired man and a curly-haired woman produces offspring with a phenotypic ratio of 1/2 wavy to 1/2 curly.
Methylmalonic Acidemia (MMA)
- Certain forms of MMA involve difficulty in metabolizing certain amino acids and fats, with early detection allowing for effective treatment options.
Mendel's Experimental Approach
- Mendel's selection of pea plants was due to their ability to undergo self-fertilization or controlled cross-fertilization.
- He utilized probability principles to analyze data from his experiments.
Philosophical Concepts in Genetics
- Ockham's razor, or the principle of parsimony, prioritizes simpler explanations in scientific reasoning.
Genetic Traits in Humans
- Brachydactyly was the first genetic trait documented in humans, highlighting the historical context of genetic study.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in Genetics Chapter 3 with these flashcards. This quiz covers definitions and true/false statements related to recessive traits, Gregor Mendel's education, pedigree construction, and chi-square tests. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of genetic principles!
