Genetics Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is a trait?

A characteristic that can be passed on to offspring (correct)

A condition that is recessive

An organism that is almost pure

A segment of DNA on a chromosome

What does heredity refer to?

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

What is the scientific study of heredity called?

Heredology

Genetics (correct)

Genomics

Bioethics

What is a purebred organism?

An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait Signup and view all the answers

A dominant allele always shows up in the organism when present.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are alleles?

Different forms of a gene Signup and view all the answers

A recessive allele is always expressed in the organism.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a hybrid organism?

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait Signup and view all the answers

What does probability refer to in genetics?

The likelihood that a particular event will occur Signup and view all the answers

What is a Punnett square?

A chart that shows all possible combinations of alleles from a genetic cross Signup and view all the answers

What is phenotype?

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits Signup and view all the answers

What is genotype?

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations Signup and view all the answers

Homozygous organisms have two different alleles for a trait.

False Signup and view all the answers

Heterozygous organisms have two identical alleles for a trait.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is codominance?

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

The process that reduces the number of chromosomes in sex cells by half Signup and view all the answers

What is messenger RNA?

RNA that copies the coded message from DNA and carries it into the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is transfer RNA?

RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino acid to the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Genetics Terms

Trait: A specific characteristic transmitted from parents to offspring via genes.
Heredity: The biological process through which traits are inherited from one generation to the next.
Genetics: The branch of biology focused on the study of heredity and variation in organisms.

Organism Types and Alleles

Purebred: An organism that consistently produces offspring with identical traits, ensuring uniformity in characteristics.
Gene: A DNA segment located on chromosomes, responsible for encoding specific traits.
Alleles: Variants of a gene that can produce different traits; these can be dominant or recessive.
Dominant Allele: An allele that expresses its trait in the presence of another allele.
Recessive Allele: An allele whose effects are masked by a dominant allele in heterozygous organisms.
Hybrid: An organism possessing two different alleles for a given trait; characterized as heterozygous.

Genetic Concepts and Tools

Probability: The statistical likelihood that a certain genetic event will happen.
Punnett Square: A graphical tool used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes resulting from a genetic cross, illustrating all possible allele combinations.
Phenotype: The observable physical traits of an organism, reflecting its genotype.
Genotype: The specific allelic makeup of an organism, dictating its genetic traits.

Genetic Combinations

Homozygous: An organism that contains two identical alleles for a given trait.
Heterozygous: An organism with two differing alleles for a specific trait, resulting in variable expression.
Codominance: A genetic scenario where both alleles contribute equally and visibly to the phenotype.

Cellular Processes

Meiosis: A specialized cell division that halves the chromosome number in sex cells, crucial for sexual reproduction.
Messenger RNA (mRNA): A type of RNA that transcribes genetic information from DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA): RNA molecules that transport amino acids to ribosomes, facilitating protein assembly by matching amino acids to the corresponding codons in the mRNA sequence.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of genetics and heredity with these flashcards from Chapter 3. Learn important terms such as traits, heredity, and purebred organisms. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of genetic principles.