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Questions and Answers
What term describes the observable characteristics of an organism as determined by its genotype?
What term describes the observable characteristics of an organism as determined by its genotype?
Which law states that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation?
Which law states that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation?
Which of the following traits did Mendel study in his pea plant experiments?
Which of the following traits did Mendel study in his pea plant experiments?
What is a mutation in genetics?
What is a mutation in genetics?
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In Mendel's experiments, what happened to the dwarf trait when he crossed tall and dwarf plants?
In Mendel's experiments, what happened to the dwarf trait when he crossed tall and dwarf plants?
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What role do alleles play in genetics?
What role do alleles play in genetics?
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What do A and B alleles represent in human blood types?
What do A and B alleles represent in human blood types?
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Which of the following genotypes will produce an offspring with Type O blood?
Which of the following genotypes will produce an offspring with Type O blood?
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In codominance, what characteristic most accurately describes the offspring's phenotype?
In codominance, what characteristic most accurately describes the offspring's phenotype?
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What must be included in a Punnett square when evaluating traits tied to sex chromosomes?
What must be included in a Punnett square when evaluating traits tied to sex chromosomes?
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What phenotype occurs when a homozygous black chicken is crossed with a homozygous white chicken?
What phenotype occurs when a homozygous black chicken is crossed with a homozygous white chicken?
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What is the expected proportion of children with color-blindness if a carrier female has children with a normal male?
What is the expected proportion of children with color-blindness if a carrier female has children with a normal male?
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What ratio of tall to dwarf plants would you expect in the F2 generation from a cross of two F1 tall plants?
What ratio of tall to dwarf plants would you expect in the F2 generation from a cross of two F1 tall plants?
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What defines a homozygous genotype?
What defines a homozygous genotype?
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Why do certain traits seem to disappear in some generations?
Why do certain traits seem to disappear in some generations?
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What happens to alleles during meiosis according to the Law of Segregation?
What happens to alleles during meiosis according to the Law of Segregation?
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If a plant has a genotype of 'Tt', what is its phenotype?
If a plant has a genotype of 'Tt', what is its phenotype?
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In the context of Mendel's experiments, what does the term 'F1 generation' refer to?
In the context of Mendel's experiments, what does the term 'F1 generation' refer to?
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Which of the following statements is true about dominant alleles?
Which of the following statements is true about dominant alleles?
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What is the main outcome of a hybrid cross in Mendelian genetics?
What is the main outcome of a hybrid cross in Mendelian genetics?
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What is the expected phenotype ratio of offspring in a monohybrid cross between a heterozygous purple (A) and a homozygous recessive pink (a) parent?
What is the expected phenotype ratio of offspring in a monohybrid cross between a heterozygous purple (A) and a homozygous recessive pink (a) parent?
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Which of the following determines whether skin color is normal or albino?
Which of the following determines whether skin color is normal or albino?
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What phenotype results from the genotype YyRr in a dihybrid cross involving yellow/green seed color and round/wrinkled shape?
What phenotype results from the genotype YyRr in a dihybrid cross involving yellow/green seed color and round/wrinkled shape?
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What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
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In incomplete dominance, how is the phenotype of the offspring characterized?
In incomplete dominance, how is the phenotype of the offspring characterized?
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In a dihybrid cross YyRr x YyRr, how many offspring are expected to be yellow and wrinkled?
In a dihybrid cross YyRr x YyRr, how many offspring are expected to be yellow and wrinkled?
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What is the primary result of polygenic inheritance?
What is the primary result of polygenic inheritance?
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How many total gamete combinations can be produced from the genotype RrYy?
How many total gamete combinations can be produced from the genotype RrYy?
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Which symbol represents a recessive allele in genetic notation?
Which symbol represents a recessive allele in genetic notation?
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What is the main explanation for why offspring of parent plants that do not exhibit a characteristic trait may still possess that trait?
What is the main explanation for why offspring of parent plants that do not exhibit a characteristic trait may still possess that trait?
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Study Notes
Genetics & Heredity
- Traits are passed down from parents to offspring.
- Genetics is the science of how genes are inherited through chromosomes from one generation to the next.
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).
- Phenotype: The observable physical characteristics or traits (e.g., tall plant, short plant).
- Allele: Different versions of a gene that produce different variations of a trait (e.g., brown eyes, blue eyes).
- Genes are segments of DNA on chromosomes that code for traits.
- Chromosomes are DNA molecules.
- Traits are characteristics of an organism (e.g., hair color, eye color).
- Mutations are DNA copying errors that can cause or help with an organism's survival.
- Pedigrees are used to trace inheritance in family trees.
- Pedigrees show inheritance patterns of genetic diseases.
Mendelian Genetics
- Mendel: Austrian monk and scientist who demonstrated that traits are inherited in predictable patterns.
- Law of Dominance: Some alleles are dominant (only 1 copy needed for the trait to be expressed) and others are recessive (2 copies needed for the trait to be expressed). A dominant trait may mask a recessive trait.
- Law of Segregation: During meiosis, alleles separate so each offspring receives one allele from each parent.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Different alleles of different genes can combine independently.
Monohybrid Cross
- A monohybrid cross is used to study the inheritance of one trait.
- It uses Punnett squares to predict the expected ratios of genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.
Dihybrid Cross
- A dihybrid cross studies the inheritance of two traits.
- Punnett squares help predict the ratios of genotypes and phenotypes for two traits.
Incomplete Dominance
- Offspring have a phenotype that is intermediate between the parental phenotypes.
- The alleles blend together.
- E.g., red flowers (RR) x white flowers (WW) = pink flowers (RW).
Codominance
- Two dominant alleles are fully expressed at the same time, creating a third phenotype (e.g., Roan cow: white hairs & red hairs).
- E.g., white flowers (WW) x red flowers (RR) = pink flowers (RW).
Multiple Alleles
- Some genes have more than two alleles.
- E.g., human blood type (A, B, AB, O).
Sex-Linked Traits
- Some genes are carried on sex chromosomes (typically the X chromosome).
- Males only have one copy of a sex-linked allele, making them more prone to sex-linked genetic disorders.
Polygenic Inheritance
- Many traits are controlled by multiple genes.
- E.g., skin color, eye color.
Pedigree Analysis
- Pedigrees: Family trees showing the inheritance of traits, often used to follow the inheritance of genetic diseases.
- Autosomal dominant: Dominant trait appears in every generation.
- Autosomal recessive: Recessive trait may skip generations.
- Carriers: Individuals who carry a recessive trait but don't express it. They can pass the trait to their offspring.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the basics of genetics and heredity. This quiz covers key concepts such as genotype, phenotype, traits, and Mendelian genetics. Learn how genetics influences the inheritance of characteristics from parents to offspring.
