Questions and Answers
Classify each feature as describing prokaryotic DNA structure or eukaryotic DNA structure.
DNA is circular = Prokaryotic DNA structure DNA is linear = Eukaryotic DNA structure Condensed only by DNA supercoiling = Prokaryotic DNA structure Condensed around histone proteins = Eukaryotic DNA structure Arranged in a single looped structure = Prokaryotic DNA structure Arranged in multiple chromosomes = Eukaryotic DNA structure Does not have telomere region = Prokaryotic DNA structure Has repeating telomere region = Eukaryotic DNA structure
In a circular bacterial chromosome, the structure of DNA is a _______ double-helix. If DNA was twisted in the _______ direction, it becomes overwound.
right-handed ; right-handed
Overwinding results in _______ supercoiling. If DNA is twisted in the _______ direction, it becomes underwound.
positive ; left-handed
Underwinding results in _______ supercoiling. One effect of _______ supercoiling in bacterial chromosomes is to promote separation of the two strands of DNA in the double helix.
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Why does inhibiting negative supercoiling in bacteria inhibit overall bacterial growth?
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Classify each feature as describing euchromatin, heterochromatin, or both.
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Classify each description as applying to either heterochromatin or euchromatin.
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Arrange the features of eukaryotic chromosome packaging in order from the smallest unit to the largest unit.
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What do histone proteins do?
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What is the function of the chromatin conformation of DNA?
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How does chromosome compaction differ during metaphase and interphase in eukaryotes?
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What is the function of the centromere in the transmission of genetic information?
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How do interspersed repeated DNA sequences differ from tandemly repeated DNA sequences?
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What is the chromosome puff at position 3C?
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What is the definition of uniparental inheritance?
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Select the examples of genetic material that are uniparentally inherited in sexually reproducing eukaryotes.
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DNA renaturation experiments are useful strategies to estimate what?
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Select all statements that accurately describe the structures or functions of mitochondria.
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Why was mtDNA extracted from the bone samples instead of nuclear DNA?
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From which living relatives should mitochondrial DNA be analyzed to verify that the skeletons were those of the royal family?
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Which of the statements are true of endosymbiotic theory?
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What is the effect of tetracycline on protein synthesis?
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Study Notes
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic DNA Structure
- Prokaryotic DNA is circular, arranged in a single loop, and lacks telomere regions.
- Eukaryotic DNA is linear, organized in multiple chromosomes, and has repeating telomere regions.
- Prokaryotic DNA condenses only through supercoiling, while eukaryotic DNA condenses around histone proteins.
Circular Bacterial Chromosomes
- DNA in circular bacterial chromosomes has a right-handed double-helix structure.
- Overwinding occurs when DNA is twisted right-handedly, leading to positive supercoiling.
- Underwinding occurs when twisted left-handedly, resulting in negative supercoiling.
- Negative supercoiling facilitates the separation of DNA strands, aiding in replication.
Impact of Nalidixic Acid
- Nalidixic acid inhibits DNA gyrase, preventing negative supercoiling.
- Negative supercoiling is crucial for DNA synthesis and chromosome compaction, which are vital for bacterial growth and cell division.
Chromatin Types
- Euchromatin is loosely packed, transcriptionally active, and represents the major state of most genes.
- Heterochromatin is tightly packed, transcriptionally inactive, and is the primary form of the inactive X chromosome.
- Both types represent different states of DNA organization.
Chromatin Structure and Function
- Heterochromatin appears denser and is prominent when transcription is inactive.
- Euchromatin appears looser and is prevalent during transcription to facilitate gene expression.
Eukaryotic Chromosome Packaging
- The hierarchical structure of eukaryotic chromosomes progresses from nucleotides to nucleosomes, coiled fibers, chromosomes, and ultimately the genome.
Role of Histone Proteins
- Histone proteins associate with DNA, enabling its compaction within the nucleus to fit within a cell.
Chromatin's Role in DNA Organization
- Chromatin condenses DNA around histone proteins, facilitating organization and storage within the nucleus.
Chromosome Compaction Phases
- Chromosomes are more compact during metaphase compared to interphase, indicating active preparation for cell division.
Centromere Function
- The centromere serves as the attachment point for sister chromatids during cell division.
Repeated DNA Sequences
- Interspersed repeated DNA originates from transposable elements, while tandemly repeated DNA does not fall under this category.
Chromosome Puff Indication
- The puff at position 3C on the X chromosome signifies a region of active transcription necessary for synthesizing specific proteins.
Uniparental Inheritance Definition
- Uniparental inheritance involves one parent transmitting all genetic information to the offspring.
Uniparentally Inherited Genetic Material
- Mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA serve as examples of genetic material that are exclusively inherited from one parent.
Estimating Genetic Relatedness
- DNA renaturation experiments help estimate the genetic relatedness between different species.
Mitochondrial Functions
- Mitochondria play critical roles in regulating apoptosis and are essential for aerobic metabolism.
Importance of Mitochondrial DNA in Identification
- Mitochondrial DNA, analyzed via PCR, is used to verify identities due to its abundance and lack of recombination compared to nuclear DNA.
Maternal Descent for mtDNA Analysis
- Mitochondrial DNA from living relatives of the tsar's family, particularly from maternal lines, is crucial for confirming genetic lineage.
Endosymbiotic Theory Highlights
- This theory explains the origin of key eukaryotic organelles, including mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- It posits that ancestral eukaryotic cells engulfed photosynthetic proteobacteria, resulting in organelles that retain their own genetic material.
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis
- Tetracycline inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis while leaving nuclear gene protein synthesis unaffected.
- Cycloheximide exclusively targets nuclear gene protein synthesis without impacting bacterial processes.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA as presented in Chapter 11 of the Genetics textbook by Strickland. You'll classify important features and understand the unique aspects of DNA organization in each type of organism.