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Questions and Answers
What does a Punnett square help to predict?
What does a Punnett square help to predict?
A pedigree chart only represents individuals that express a trait.
A pedigree chart only represents individuals that express a trait.
False
What do shaded symbols in a pedigree chart indicate?
What do shaded symbols in a pedigree chart indicate?
Individuals expressing a trait
In a Punnett square, each axis represents the alleles contributed by each __________.
In a Punnett square, each axis represents the alleles contributed by each __________.
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Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
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What is one use of a Punnett square?
What is one use of a Punnett square?
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Pedigree charts can only track dominant genetic traits.
Pedigree charts can only track dominant genetic traits.
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What is the result of a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant plant (TT) and a homozygous recessive plant (tt)?
What is the result of a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant plant (TT) and a homozygous recessive plant (tt)?
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What is a chromatid?
What is a chromatid?
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Haploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes.
Haploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes.
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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The _____ phase is the stage where the cell prepares for mitosis.
The _____ phase is the stage where the cell prepares for mitosis.
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Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?
Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?
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Homozygous refers to having different alleles for a specific trait.
Homozygous refers to having different alleles for a specific trait.
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Identify two sub-phases of interphase.
Identify two sub-phases of interphase.
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What occurs during anaphase?
What occurs during anaphase?
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Cytokinesis is the final stage of meiosis.
Cytokinesis is the final stage of meiosis.
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What is the main purpose of meiosis?
What is the main purpose of meiosis?
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In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated, reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to __________ (n).
In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated, reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to __________ (n).
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What structure forms in animal cells during cytokinesis?
What structure forms in animal cells during cytokinesis?
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Match the stages of meiosis with their descriptions:
Match the stages of meiosis with their descriptions:
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Meiosis produces two diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis produces two diploid daughter cells.
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During which phase of cell division does the nuclear envelope begin to break down?
During which phase of cell division does the nuclear envelope begin to break down?
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What is the final product of cytokinesis II in cell division?
What is the final product of cytokinesis II in cell division?
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Alleles are different versions of a gene at the same locus on a chromosome.
Alleles are different versions of a gene at the same locus on a chromosome.
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Define co-dominance in genetics.
Define co-dominance in genetics.
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The phenomenon where the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygotes is called ______________.
The phenomenon where the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygotes is called ______________.
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What is one of the key concepts of Darwin's theory of evolution?
What is one of the key concepts of Darwin's theory of evolution?
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Which of the following describes dominant traits?
Which of the following describes dominant traits?
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Fossology focuses exclusively on the study of living organisms.
Fossology focuses exclusively on the study of living organisms.
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Recessive traits can be expressed if there is at least one dominant allele present.
Recessive traits can be expressed if there is at least one dominant allele present.
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What term describes anatomical features in different species that share a common evolutionary origin?
What term describes anatomical features in different species that share a common evolutionary origin?
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In pea plants, the allele for tall stems is represented by the letter ____, while the allele for short stems is represented by _____.
In pea plants, the allele for tall stems is represented by the letter ____, while the allele for short stems is represented by _____.
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Darwin's theory of evolution was published in the year _____.
Darwin's theory of evolution was published in the year _____.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a type of fossil?
Which of the following is NOT a type of fossil?
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Variation among individuals in a species is not important for evolution.
Variation among individuals in a species is not important for evolution.
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What does fossils help scientists reconstruct in real life?
What does fossils help scientists reconstruct in real life?
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What is the primary mechanism through which evolution occurs?
What is the primary mechanism through which evolution occurs?
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Selective pressures can include factors such as predation and climate changes.
Selective pressures can include factors such as predation and climate changes.
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What was the significant change in coloration observed in peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the significant change in coloration observed in peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution?
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Convergent adaptation occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits in response to similar ________.
Convergent adaptation occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits in response to similar ________.
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Match the examples with their corresponding types of adaptation:
Match the examples with their corresponding types of adaptation:
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Which of the following is an example of antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following is an example of antibiotic resistance?
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What can be an outcome of divergent adaptation?
What can be an outcome of divergent adaptation?
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Natural selection leads to the immediate and drastic changes in species.
Natural selection leads to the immediate and drastic changes in species.
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Study Notes
Biology Checklist
- Topics covered in the biology course are listed, including cells (eukaryotic/prokaryotic, organelles, surface area to volume ratio, osmosis), DNA (structure and function), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), inheritance (dominant/recessive, Punnett squares, pedigrees), evolution (natural selection, adaptations, speciation, fossils).
Cells - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles.
- Prokaryotes have DNA in a nucleoid region; eukaryotes have DNA in a nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller (0.1 to 5.0 micrometres) than eukaryotic cells (10 to 100 micrometres or more).
- Examples of prokaryotes: bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli), archaea (e.g., methanogens).
- Examples of eukaryotes: animals (e.g., humans), plants (e.g., oak trees), fungi (e.g., mushrooms), protists (e.g., amoebas).
Cell Organelles in Plant and Animal Cells
- Cell organelles are specialized structures that perform specific functions crucial for cellular survival.
- Cell organelles commonly found in both plant and animal cells include mitochondria (energy production), chloroplasts (photosynthesis), endoplasmic reticulum (protein and lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein and lipid processing), lysosomes (waste disposal).
- Plant cells have unique structures such as cell walls and chloroplasts, not found in animal cells.
- Cell size is essential for maintaining efficient cellular functions. As a cell grows, its volume increases faster than its surface area, limiting material transport.
Osmosis: Process and Applicability in Cells
- Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, until equilibrium is reached.
- Osmosis plays a crucial role in maintaining cell turgor and overall cellular homeostasis
- Tonicity (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic) describes the relative solute concentrations inside and outside a cell affecting the movement of water in and out of the cell.
- Hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than a cell, causing water to leave the cell, resulting in shrinkage.
- Hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than a cell, causing water to move into the cell, leading to swelling or lysis, which is harmful.
- Isotonic solution has an equal concentration of solutes as a cell, preventing net water movement, maintaining normal cell shape and function.
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA is structured as a double-stranded helix. Each strand consists of nucleotides containing sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
- Base-pairing rule: adenine pairs with thymine, cytosine pairs with guanine.
- DNA serves as the hereditary material for development and functioning of living organisms.
- DNA replicates, allowing genetic information to be passed to the next generation.
- DNA is involved in protein synthesis through transcription and translation.
Cell Division (Mitosis)
- Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
- Mitosis stages include interphase (preparation), prophase (chromosome condensation), metaphase (chromosome alignment), anaphase (chromosome separation), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).
- Interphase (part of the overall cell cycle, but not mitosis itself) are the steps before mitosis begins and include G1, S, and G2 phases
- G1 phase: preparation for DNA synthesis
- S phase: DNA replication
- G2 phase: further preparation for cellular division.
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. Nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibres form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate. Spindle fibres attach to centromeres.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles. Spindle fibres shorten.
- Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.
Cell Division (Meiosis)
- Meiosis is the specialized cell division resulting in four non-identical haploid gamete cells (e.g., sperm and egg).
- Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, reducing the chromosome number. Meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
- Meiosis I stages include Interphase (DNA replication), Prophase I (chromosome condensation, homologous pairing, crossing over), Metaphase I (tetrad alignment), Anaphase I (separation of homologous chromosomes), and Cytokinesis I (cytoplasm division).
- Meiosis II stages include Prophase II (chromosome condensation), Metaphase II (individual chromosome alignment), Anaphase II (Separation of sister chromatids), and Cytokinesis II (cytoplasm division).
Inheritance
- Inheritance is the process of passing genetic information from parents to offspring.
- Key concepts: genes, alleles (different versions of a gene).
- Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism.
- Phenotype: the observable characteristics expressed by an organism.
- Co-dominance, Incomplete Dominance, Dominant/Recessive Traits, Punnett Squares, Pedigree Charts are discussed.
- Co-dominance: both alleles equally contribute to the phenotype.
- Incomplete dominance: the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygotes.
- Dominant traits are expressed even in heterozygous conditions.
- Recessive traits are expressed in homozygous conditions.
- Punnett squares are used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting particular traits.
- Pedigree charts track the inheritance of traits across generations.
Evolution
- Evolution is the process of change in species over time, driven by mechanisms like natural selection.
- Natural selection: describes how organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, passing on advantageous traits.
- Selective pressures: environmental factors influencing organism survival and reproduction.
- Adaptations: traits or characteristics that enhance survival in a specific environment.
- Convergent adaptations: unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.
- Divergent adaptations: related species evolve different traits due to differing environmental pressures and ecological niches.
- Speciation: the process by which new species originate from a common ancestor.
- The process of speciation involves variation, geographical or reproductive isolation, and the evolution of different adaptations.
- Theories of evolution explored: Lamarck's and Darwin's theories.
Fossils
- Fossils are remnants or traces of ancient organisms preserved in geological formations.
- Fossils provide evidence of past life forms and their characteristics, aiding in evolutionary studies and supporting the theory of evolution.
- Fossils reveal similar structures in different species, indicating common ancestry and evolutionary relationships, e.g. homologous structures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of biology related to cells, DNA, and inheritance. This quiz covers the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the structure and function of DNA, and key concepts in cell division and evolution. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding.
