Genetics Chapter 10 Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a genotype?

The genetic make-up (the assemblage of alleles) of an individual.

What is the definition of alleles?

Genes governing variations of the same characteristic (trait) that occupy corresponding positions (loci) on homologous chromosomes; alternative forms of a gene.

What is the definition of a dominant allele?

An allele that is always expressed when present, regardless of whether the organism is homozygous or heterozygous for that gene.

What is the definition of a recessive allele?

An allele that is only expressed when the organism is homozygous for that allele and not expressed when heterozygous (when paired with a dominant allele). Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of homozygous?

Possessing a pair of identical alleles for a particular locus (gene). Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a carrier?

A heterozygous individual not expressing a recessive trait but capable of passing it on to its offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the parent generation (P)?

The generation that supplies gametes to the filial generation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the filial generation (F1)?

The generation that receives gametes from the parental generation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a dihybrid cross?

A genetic cross that takes into account the effect of alleles at two separate loci (two different genes). Signup and view all the answers

What does the stigma of a flower do?

Receives pollen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of haploid?

The condition of having only one set of chromosomes per cell (n). Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a gamete?

A haploid (n) sex cell in plants and animals (egg or sperm) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of chromatin?

The complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that makes up uncondensed eukaryotic chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a chromosome?

Structures within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells composed of chromatin and visible at cell division (condensed chromatin). Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of homologous chromosomes?

Chromosomes that are similar in morphology (shape and form) and genetic constitution. In animals one set comes from the father and the other from the mother. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a centromere?

Specialized constricted region of a chromatid, that contains the kinetochore; sister chromatids are joined at the centromere during cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of recombination?

Exchange of genetic material between chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of disjunction?

Separation of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids during anaphase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of synapsis?

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that is used to crossbreed individuals with different genetics?

Hybridization Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct terms for the following definitions: * A discrete unit of hereditary information. * Alternative forms of a gene.

Genes, alleles (B) Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct terms for the following definitions: * The condition of having only one set of chromosomes. * The condition of having two sets of chromosomes

Haploid, Diploid (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?

Self-pollination occurs when pollen from the same flower or from another flower on the same plant fertilizes the ovule. Cross-pollination involves pollen from a different plant that fertilizes the ovule. Signup and view all the answers

The Law of Segregation states that when an organism makes gametes, it separates its gene pair, or alleles, so that each one is individually packaged.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The Law of Dominance states that, in a heterozygote, the recessive allele is expressed exclusively.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles of different genes are inherited independently of each other.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a Punnett square used for?

To predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross between two parents. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions: * Genotype * Phenotype * Allele * Locus

Genotype = The observable physical or chemical characteristics of an organism. Phenotype = The genetic makeup of an individual. Allele = A specific position of a gene on a chromosome. Locus = An alternative form of a gene. Signup and view all the answers

What are the exceptions to Mendelian inheritance?

Multiple genes, Multiple alleles, Codominance, Incomplete dominance, Pleiotropy, and Gene linkage Signup and view all the answers

A rabbit's fur color is determined by four alleles. Which exception to Mendelian inheritance does this represent?

Multiple alleles. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 10: Genetics

Genetics is the study of heredity and variation of inherited characters.
The Greek word "genetikos" means genesis, origin, and beginning.

Key Terminology

Genotype: The genetic makeup (assembly of alleles) of an individual.
Phenotype: The physical or chemical expression of an organism's genes.
Gene: A discrete unit of hereditary information usually specifying a protein; a region of DNA (locus) on a chromosome that specifies a trait (characteristic).
Alleles: Genes controlling variations of the same characteristic (trait) located at corresponding positions (loci) on homologous chromosomes; alternative forms of a gene.
Dominant Allele: An allele that is always expressed when present, regardless of whether the organism is homozygous or heterozygous for that gene.
Recessive Allele: An allele that is only expressed when the organism is homozygous for that allele and not expressed when heterozygous (paired with a dominant allele).
Homozygous: Possessing a pair of identical alleles for a particular locus (gene).
Heterozygous: Possessing a pair of unlike alleles for a particular locus (gene).
Carrier: A heterozygous individual not expressing a recessive trait but capable of passing it on to its offspring.
Parent Generation (P): The generation that supplies gametes to the filial generation.
Filial Generation (F₁): The generation that receives gametes from the parental generation.
Hybrid: An offspring resulting from the mating between individuals of two different genetic constitutions.
Dihybrid Cross: A genetic cross that considers the effect of alleles at two separate loci (two different genes).
Monohybrid Cross: A genetic cross that considers the effect of alleles at a single locus (single gene).

Basic Flower Anatomy

Includes labels of stigma, style, pollen tube, ovary, ovule, sepal, receptacle, stem, vascular bundles, petal, anther, and stamen.

Mendelian Theory of Inheritance

Law of Dominance: In a heterozygote, the dominant allele is expressed exclusively.
Law of Segregation: When an organism makes gametes, it separates its gene pair (alleles) so each is individually packaged.
Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different genes are inherited independently of each other.

Sample Problems

Examples of genetic crosses involving pea plants and seed characteristics (round/wrinkled, yellow/green) are presented along with related questions.
Blood typing inheritance from parental to offspring is provided as another example, outlining the different genotypes and relative frequency of each.
Traits in animals like tigers are included as another example of genetic inheritance, including cross-eyed and white coat coloring

Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

Multiple Genes: Polygenic traits (Several genes influence a trait).
Multiple Alleles: More than two alleles exist for a gene (illustrated by the ABO blood system).
Codominance: Both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote (unlike one being dominant and one recessive).
Incomplete Dominance: neither allele is completely dominant over the other and the heterozygote presents an intermediate phenotype.
Pleiotropy: One gene has multiple effects on the phenotype.
Gene Linkage: Two genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, increasing the likelihood that you will inherit both if they are close together, compared to if they are far apart on the chromosome.

Rabbit Coat Color

Various phenotypes and genotypes for rabbit coat color are presented. This includes possible genotypes, the traits exhibited, along with diagrams of the phenotypes.

Pedigrees

Pedigrees are family trees displaying the inheritance of a trait across generations.
Traits can be displayed by simply the phenotypes and/or a chart highlighting the genotypes for a specific trait.

Modern Genetics Terminologies

Haploid: Cells with one set of chromosomes (n).
Diploid: Cells with two sets of chromosomes (2n).
Gamete: A haploid sex cell (egg or sperm).
Zygote: A diploid cell resulting from the union of two gametes.
Chromatin: The complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins comprising eukaryotic chromosomes.
Chromosome: The structured form of chromatin visible during cell division.
Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosomes similar in morphology and genetic constitution, with one set from each parent.
Chromatids: Each of the two halves of a duplicated chromosome.
Centromere: The specialized region of a chromosome where chromatids are joined.
Kinetochore: Located on the centromere, the protein complex that attaches to the spindle fibers for chromosome movement.
Recombination: The exchange of genetic material between chromosomes.
Crossover: The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis.
Synapsis: The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
Disjunction: Separation of homologous or sister chromatids during anaphase.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the principles of genetics with this quiz on Chapter 10. From key terms like genotype and phenotype to dominant and recessive alleles, this quiz covers the essential concepts of heredity and variation. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of genetic fundamentals.