Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA?
Which of the following is an example of a provisioning ecosystem service?
What is the primary difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
What is the primary mechanism of action for a repressor in gene regulation?
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What is the primary function of the cell wall in microorganisms?
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What is the term for the process by which water moves through a plant, from the roots to the leaves, and is then released into the atmosphere?
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What is the term for the movement of genes from one population to another?
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What is the primary function of the promoter region in gene expression?
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What is the term for the relationship between two species in which one species benefits and the other species is not affected?
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What is the term for the process by which microorganisms convert light energy into chemical energy?
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Study Notes
Genetics
- DNA Structure: Double helix model, nucleotides (A, C, G, T), sugar-phosphate backbone, and hydrogen bonding
- Genetic Code: 3-base codons, 64 possible combinations, codes for 20 amino acids and stop signals
- Inheritance Patterns: Mendel's laws (Segregation, Independent Assortment, Dominance), Punnett squares, genotype vs. phenotype
- Gene Expression: Transcription (RNA synthesis), translation (protein synthesis), regulation of gene expression (enhancers, promoters, repressors)
- Genetic Variation: Mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection
Ecology
- Ecosystems: Interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components, energy flow, nutrient cycling
- Population Dynamics: Growth rates, population size, density, and dispersion, demographic transitions
- Species Interactions: Predation, competition, symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism), keystone species
- Community Ecology: Species richness, diversity, and abundance, community structure, ecological niches
- Ecosystem Services: Provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services
Microbiology
- Microorganism Types: Bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protists, and algae
- Microbial Structure: Cell walls, membranes, cytoplasm, and genetic material
- Microbial Metabolism: Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration, fermentation, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis
- Microbial Interactions: Symbiotic relationships, pathogenesis, and immune responses
- Microbial Ecology: Environmental roles, soil microbiology, and microbial communities
Genetics
- DNA Structure: Double helix model composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, T) linked by sugar-phosphate backbone and held together by hydrogen bonding between nucleotides
- Genetic Code: 3-base codons translate into 20 amino acids and stop signals, with 64 possible codon combinations determining protein sequences
- Inheritance Patterns: Mendel's laws govern inheritance, including Segregation (separation of alleles), Independent Assortment (independent gene transmission), and Dominance (dominant allele expression); Punnett squares illustrate probability of genotype and phenotype combinations
- Gene Expression: Transcription initiates RNA synthesis, translation builds proteins from RNA sequences, and regulation of gene expression involves enhancers, promoters, and repressors controlling gene transcription
- Genetic Variation: Mutations alter DNA sequences, genetic drift affects population gene frequencies, gene flow introduces new alleles, and natural selection drives adaptation to environmental pressures
Ecology
- Ecosystems: Interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components govern ecosystem function, including energy flow and nutrient cycling
- Population Dynamics: Growth rates, population size, density, and dispersion influence population dynamics, with demographic transitions driving population change
- Species Interactions: Predation, competition, symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism), and keystone species interactions shape community structure
- Community Ecology: Species richness, diversity, and abundance determine community composition, with ecological niches influencing species coexistence
- Ecosystem Services: Provisioning services provide resources, regulating services maintain ecosystem balance, cultural services support human well-being, and supporting services underpin ecosystem function
Microbiology
- Microorganism Types: Bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protists, and algae are distinct microorganism groups, each with unique characteristics
- Microbial Structure: Cell walls, membranes, cytoplasm, and genetic material compose microbial cells, with differences between groups
- Microbial Metabolism: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis are key metabolic pathways used by microorganisms
- Microbial Interactions: Symbiotic relationships, pathogenesis, and immune responses characterize microorganism interactions with hosts and environments
- Microbial Ecology: Environmental roles, soil microbiology, and microbial communities highlight the importance of microorganisms in ecosystem function
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Description
Test your knowledge of genetics fundamentals, including DNA structure, genetic code, inheritance patterns, and gene expression.