16 Questions
What is the term for a gene that is located on the X chromosome?
Sex-linked
What is the purpose of helicase in DNA replication?
To unwind the double helix structure
What is the term for an individual who has two different alleles of a gene?
Heterozygous
What is the process by which DNA is replicated in a semi-conservative manner?
DNA replication
What is the term for the process by which a DNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary RNA molecule?
Transcription
What is the term for a trait that is influenced by multiple genes?
Polygenic
What is the term for the phenomenon where one allele is not completely dominant over another allele?
Co-dominance
What is the term for the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?
Transcription
Where did Gregor Mendel live and work?
Brno, Austria-Hungary
Which species did Mendel choose to conduct his experiments on?
Peas
What is the phenotypic ratio that Mendel found in the offspring of a monohybrid cross?
3:1
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
The law that states that alleles of different genes are sorted independently during gamete formation
What is an example of incomplete dominance?
When two traits blend to form a new trait
What is polygenic inheritance?
When multiple genes influence a single trait
What is a recessive genetic disorder?
A disorder that is not expressed in an individual, but can be passed on to offspring
What is epistasis?
The interaction between multiple genes to produce a single trait
Study Notes
Gregor Mendel
- Gregor Mendel was a scientist who lived and worked in the 19th century
- He conducted experiments on pea plants (Pisum sativum) to study inheritance
- He chose pea plants because they have a relatively short life cycle, produce many offspring, and can be easily grown and crossed
Mendel's Experiments
- Mendel crossed pea plants with different traits (e.g., purple and white flowers) to study inheritance
- He ensured all offspring were 'by his design' by manually pollinating the plants
- He repeated his experiments several times to confirm his findings
Phenotypic Ratios
- In a monohybrid cross, the phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (e.g., 3 purple-flowered plants: 1 white-flowered plant)
- The numbers in the ratio represent the number of individual offspring with each trait
- In a dihybrid cross, the phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1 (e.g., 9 plants with two dominant traits, 3 with one dominant and one recessive, etc.)
Laws of Inheritance
- The Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation
- The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes are sorted independently during gamete formation
Complex Inheritance Patterns
- Incomplete dominance: when one allele does not completely mask the effect of the other allele
- Multiple alleles: when there are more than two alleles for a particular gene
- Co-dominance: when two alleles have an equal effect on the phenotype
- Pleiotrophy: when one gene affects multiple traits
- Polygenic inheritance: when multiple genes influence a single trait
- Epistasis: when the effect of one gene depends on the presence of another gene
Dominant and Recessive Disorders
- A recessive disorder occurs when an individual has two copies of a recessive allele
- An affected individual has the disorder, a carrier has one copy of the allele, and an unaffected individual has no copies
- A dominant disorder occurs when an individual has one copy of a dominant allele
- There is no carrier for a dominant disorder, as a single copy of the allele is enough to cause the disorder
Quiz on genetics, covering topics such as the nature vs nurture debate, sex-linked traits, and Punnett Squares. Understand the concepts of heredity and how they affect disorders.
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