Genetics and Respiratory System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What genotype corresponds to blood type A?

IAIA (correct)

IBi

IAIB

Which genotype is heterozygous for blood type B?

IBIB

IBi (correct)

IAIB

What occurs when alleles IA and IB are inherited together?

The alleles remain dormant

The alleles are codominant (correct)

Blood type O is expressed

One allele is expressed over the other

What is NOT produced by the allele i?

Any antigen Signup and view all the answers

What determines blood type?

The presence or absence of specific antigens Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if antibodies in the blood plasma bind to their corresponding antigens on red blood cells?

Red blood cells can clump together Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type does heterozygous genotype IAi represent?

Blood type A Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding sex-linked traits?

They can be inherited from either parent Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

It contracts and moves downward. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles assist in widening the chest cavity during inhalation?

Intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of asthma?

Difficulty breathing due to airway inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the circulatory system?

To transport oxygen and nutrients to body cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the volume of the chest cavity during exhalation?

Decreases due to diaphragm relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of respiratory disease mentioned?

Coronary Artery Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the circulatory system?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by a mycobacterium targeting the lungs?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of coronary arteries?

To supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of a heart attack?

A blood clot blocking blood supply to the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by arteries becoming rigid due to fat deposits?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of high cholesterol levels?

Increased risk of stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes myocardial ischemia?

Inadequate blood flow caused by fat deposits Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Dominance in Mendelian inheritance?

Only one allele can be expressed in a heterozygous pair Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Segregation state?

Each gamete receives one of the two alleles during meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Independent Assortment emphasize?

Separate genes for distinct traits segregate independently Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart?

To keep blood moving constantly through the body Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels primarily carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What function does the septum serve in the heart?

It separates the left and right ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

To facilitate exchange of materials with body cells Signup and view all the answers

During which type of circulation does the heart transport oxygen-poor blood to the lungs?

Pulmonary Circulation Signup and view all the answers

What color is oxygen-poor blood usually described as?

Dark red Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding arteries and veins is incorrect?

Veins carry oxygen-rich blood towards the heart Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood volume does plasma make up?

55% Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Y-linked trait?

It is expressed exclusively in males. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes sex-influenced traits?

They are influenced by sex hormones and more common in one sex. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

To trap light energy. Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in plants?

In the leaves. Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following organisms does cellular respiration occur?

In both autotrophs and heterotrophs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant gene for lactation in cattle?

Lactation gene (L) is dominant. Signup and view all the answers

What do autotrophs primarily use to produce food through photosynthesis?

Water, carbon dioxide, and light energy. Signup and view all the answers

How does testosterone affect the expression of baldness in males?

It allows baldness to be expressed as dominant. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genetics and Blood Types

Blood types are determined by specific alleles: IA, IB (dominant) and i (recessive).
Genotypes:
- Type A: IAIA (homozygous), IAi (heterozygous).
- Type B: IBIB (homozygous), IBi (heterozygous).
- Type AB: IAIB (codominant).
- Type O: ii (homozygous recessive).
Alleles IA and IB are codominant when inherited together, both are expressed.
Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells (RBCs) from these alleles.
Plasma contains antibodies that react with antigens from other blood types (e.g., Type A antibodies react with B antigens).

Respiratory System

Inhalation involves diaphragm contraction and intercostal muscle contraction, expanding the chest cavity.
Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing chest cavity volume.
Diseases include:
- Asthma: Airway inflammation causes difficulty breathing.
- COPD: Chronic bronchitis and emphysema, causing obstructed airflow.
- Tuberculosis: Infection from mycobacterium affecting lungs.
- Pneumonia: Infection causing alveoli swelling.
- COVID-19: Patients may be asymptomatic but capable of spreading the virus.

Circulatory System

Function: Transport oxygen/nutrients to cells and return deoxygenated blood to heart/lungs.
Major components: Heart, blood, blood vessels.
Blood consists of plasma (55% volume) and formed elements (red/white blood cells, platelets).
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins return deoxygenated blood; exceptions occur with pulmonary arteries and veins.
Capillaries facilitate oxygen and nutrient exchange at the cellular level.
Heart structure: Four chambers (right/left atria, right/left ventricles) and septum separating ventricles.

Types of Circulation

Pulmonary circulation: Moves deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation.
Systemic circulation: Transports oxygenated blood to body cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Coronary circulation: Supplies and removes blood from the heart muscle.

Circulatory Diseases

Atherosclerosis: Hardening of arteries due to fatty deposits.
Heart attack: Blood clot obstructs coronary artery flow.
Stroke: Blockage or burst vessels in the brain lead to oxygen deprivation.
High blood pressure: Elevated force on arterial walls, causing complications.

Mendelian Inheritance Laws

Law of Dominance: Dominant alleles express their traits over recessive ones in heterozygous conditions.
Law of Segregation: Gametes receive one allele from each pair, keeping traits independent.
Law of Independent Assortment: Genes separate independently during gamete formation.

Sex-linked Traits

X-linked traits: Genes on X chromosomes affecting males and females differently.
Y-linked traits: Inherited directly from father to son (e.g., hypertrichosis pinnae auris).
Sex-influenced traits: Expressed more frequently in one sex but can appear in both (e.g., baldness).

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Autotrophs (e.g., plants) produce food via photosynthesis, using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
Heterotrophs (e.g., animals) consume autotrophs' sugars for energy through cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves, using chlorophyll to trap light energy.
Mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts where the photosynthesis process takes place.

Photosynthesis Equation

Reaction: Light energy + CO2 + H2O → Sugar + O2.

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Description

Test your knowledge on blood types, genetics, and the anatomy of the respiratory system. Explore concepts such as allele combinations, antigen-antibody reactions, and the mechanics of breathing. Perfect for students learning about biology and human physiology.