Podcast
Questions and Answers
What genotype corresponds to blood type A?
What genotype corresponds to blood type A?
- IAIA (correct)
- IBi
- ii
- IAIB
Which genotype is heterozygous for blood type B?
Which genotype is heterozygous for blood type B?
- IBIB
- IBi (correct)
- IAIB
- ii
What occurs when alleles IA and IB are inherited together?
What occurs when alleles IA and IB are inherited together?
- The alleles remain dormant
- The alleles are codominant (correct)
- Blood type O is expressed
- One allele is expressed over the other
What is NOT produced by the allele i?
What is NOT produced by the allele i?
What determines blood type?
What determines blood type?
What can happen if antibodies in the blood plasma bind to their corresponding antigens on red blood cells?
What can happen if antibodies in the blood plasma bind to their corresponding antigens on red blood cells?
Which blood type does heterozygous genotype IAi represent?
Which blood type does heterozygous genotype IAi represent?
Which statement is true regarding sex-linked traits?
Which statement is true regarding sex-linked traits?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
Which muscles assist in widening the chest cavity during inhalation?
Which muscles assist in widening the chest cavity during inhalation?
What is a common characteristic of asthma?
What is a common characteristic of asthma?
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
What happens to the volume of the chest cavity during exhalation?
What happens to the volume of the chest cavity during exhalation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of respiratory disease mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of respiratory disease mentioned?
Which component is NOT part of the circulatory system?
Which component is NOT part of the circulatory system?
Which condition is caused by a mycobacterium targeting the lungs?
Which condition is caused by a mycobacterium targeting the lungs?
What is the primary function of coronary arteries?
What is the primary function of coronary arteries?
What is a primary cause of a heart attack?
What is a primary cause of a heart attack?
Which condition is characterized by arteries becoming rigid due to fat deposits?
Which condition is characterized by arteries becoming rigid due to fat deposits?
What can be a consequence of high cholesterol levels?
What can be a consequence of high cholesterol levels?
Which of the following describes myocardial ischemia?
Which of the following describes myocardial ischemia?
What is the Law of Dominance in Mendelian inheritance?
What is the Law of Dominance in Mendelian inheritance?
What does the Law of Segregation state?
What does the Law of Segregation state?
What does the Law of Independent Assortment emphasize?
What does the Law of Independent Assortment emphasize?
What is the primary function of the heart?
What is the primary function of the heart?
Which blood vessels primarily carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?
Which blood vessels primarily carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?
What function does the septum serve in the heart?
What function does the septum serve in the heart?
What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
During which type of circulation does the heart transport oxygen-poor blood to the lungs?
During which type of circulation does the heart transport oxygen-poor blood to the lungs?
What color is oxygen-poor blood usually described as?
What color is oxygen-poor blood usually described as?
Which of the following statements regarding arteries and veins is incorrect?
Which of the following statements regarding arteries and veins is incorrect?
What percentage of blood volume does plasma make up?
What percentage of blood volume does plasma make up?
What characterizes a Y-linked trait?
What characterizes a Y-linked trait?
Which statement accurately describes sex-influenced traits?
Which statement accurately describes sex-influenced traits?
What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in plants?
Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in plants?
In which of the following organisms does cellular respiration occur?
In which of the following organisms does cellular respiration occur?
What is the dominant gene for lactation in cattle?
What is the dominant gene for lactation in cattle?
What do autotrophs primarily use to produce food through photosynthesis?
What do autotrophs primarily use to produce food through photosynthesis?
How does testosterone affect the expression of baldness in males?
How does testosterone affect the expression of baldness in males?
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Study Notes
Genetics and Blood Types
- Blood types are determined by specific alleles: IA, IB (dominant) and i (recessive).
- Genotypes:
- Type A: IAIA (homozygous), IAi (heterozygous).
- Type B: IBIB (homozygous), IBi (heterozygous).
- Type AB: IAIB (codominant).
- Type O: ii (homozygous recessive).
- Alleles IA and IB are codominant when inherited together, both are expressed.
- Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells (RBCs) from these alleles.
- Plasma contains antibodies that react with antigens from other blood types (e.g., Type A antibodies react with B antigens).
Respiratory System
- Inhalation involves diaphragm contraction and intercostal muscle contraction, expanding the chest cavity.
- Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing chest cavity volume.
- Diseases include:
- Asthma: Airway inflammation causes difficulty breathing.
- COPD: Chronic bronchitis and emphysema, causing obstructed airflow.
- Tuberculosis: Infection from mycobacterium affecting lungs.
- Pneumonia: Infection causing alveoli swelling.
- COVID-19: Patients may be asymptomatic but capable of spreading the virus.
Circulatory System
- Function: Transport oxygen/nutrients to cells and return deoxygenated blood to heart/lungs.
- Major components: Heart, blood, blood vessels.
- Blood consists of plasma (55% volume) and formed elements (red/white blood cells, platelets).
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins return deoxygenated blood; exceptions occur with pulmonary arteries and veins.
- Capillaries facilitate oxygen and nutrient exchange at the cellular level.
- Heart structure: Four chambers (right/left atria, right/left ventricles) and septum separating ventricles.
Types of Circulation
- Pulmonary circulation: Moves deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation.
- Systemic circulation: Transports oxygenated blood to body cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
- Coronary circulation: Supplies and removes blood from the heart muscle.
Circulatory Diseases
- Atherosclerosis: Hardening of arteries due to fatty deposits.
- Heart attack: Blood clot obstructs coronary artery flow.
- Stroke: Blockage or burst vessels in the brain lead to oxygen deprivation.
- High blood pressure: Elevated force on arterial walls, causing complications.
Mendelian Inheritance Laws
- Law of Dominance: Dominant alleles express their traits over recessive ones in heterozygous conditions.
- Law of Segregation: Gametes receive one allele from each pair, keeping traits independent.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes separate independently during gamete formation.
Sex-linked Traits
- X-linked traits: Genes on X chromosomes affecting males and females differently.
- Y-linked traits: Inherited directly from father to son (e.g., hypertrichosis pinnae auris).
- Sex-influenced traits: Expressed more frequently in one sex but can appear in both (e.g., baldness).
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Autotrophs (e.g., plants) produce food via photosynthesis, using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
- Heterotrophs (e.g., animals) consume autotrophs' sugars for energy through cellular respiration.
- Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves, using chlorophyll to trap light energy.
- Mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts where the photosynthesis process takes place.
Photosynthesis Equation
- Reaction: Light energy + CO2 + H2O → Sugar + O2.
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