Genetics and Inheritance Quiz

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What are the chances of a child having sickle cell anaemia if both parents are carriers (HbA/HbS)?

25% (correct)

75%

100%

50%

Individuals with the homozygous normal genotype (HbA/HbA) can have sickle cell anaemia.

False

What mutation causes Huntington's disease?

Mutation in the HTT gene

If a person inherits one mutated gene (H) and one normal gene (h), they are said to be ______.

heterozygous Signup and view all the answers

Match the genotypes with their corresponding conditions:

HbS/HbS = Sickle cell anaemia HbA/HbS = Carrier of sickle cell trait HH = Huntington's disease hh = No Huntington's disease Signup and view all the answers

Why is the HbS gene more prevalent in populations from malaria-endemic areas?

It provides a survival advantage against malaria. Signup and view all the answers

Homozygous individuals (HH) for the HTT gene experience less severe symptoms of Huntington's disease.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that a child will inherit Huntington’s disease if one parent is Hh and the other is hh?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation introduces a premature stop codon?

Nonsense Mutation Signup and view all the answers

All mutations will lead to non-functional proteins.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a frameshift mutation?

A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that change the reading frame of the genetic code. Signup and view all the answers

In sickle cell anemia, a missense mutation substitutes __________ for glutamic acid.

valine Signup and view all the answers

How are splice site mutations significant?

They can result in defective hemoglobin proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mutations with their effects:

Silent Mutation = No change in amino acid sequence Missense Mutation = Different amino acid incorporated Nonsense Mutation = Premature stop codon introduced Frameshift Mutation = Reading frame altered Signup and view all the answers

Dominant diseases have carriers who are unaffected.

False Signup and view all the answers

What typically limits the onset of Huntington's disease?

Late Onset, usually between ages 30-50. Signup and view all the answers

A mutation that results in proteins of improper shape leading to diseases is typically due to alterations in the __________ structure.

tertiary Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes conservative mutations?

Substituted amino acid has similar properties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a non-conservative mutation?

Disrupts protein structure and function significantly Signup and view all the answers

In cases of __________ mutations, the amino acid sequence may remain unchanged despite nucleotide changes.

silent Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a missense mutation on protein structure?

It incorporates a different amino acid, potentially altering the protein's shape and function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

ATP production through aerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly Signup and view all the answers

The _______ are membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes.

lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their functions:

Nucleus = Stores genetic material and synthesizes mRNA Golgi Apparatus = Modifies and packages proteins Ribosomes = Site of protein synthesis Peroxisomes = Detoxification and fatty acid metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is characterized by a change that does not affect the amino acid sequence?

Silent mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

Selective permeability Signup and view all the answers

Mutations can always be inherited in a dominant pattern.

False Signup and view all the answers

Vacuoles in animal cells are larger than those in plant cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What structure do centrioles organize during cell division?

Mitotic spindle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lysosomes?

Intracellular digestion Signup and view all the answers

The structure that synthesizes ATP within the mitochondria is known as the _______.

cristae Signup and view all the answers

The primary cell types in the circulatory system are red blood cells, white blood cells, and _____ .

platelets Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

Type I alveolar cells = Gas exchange Type II alveolar cells = Secretion of surfactant Trachea = Air passage to lungs Diaphragm = Breathing control Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in detoxifying harmful substances?

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about blood vessels?

Capillaries facilitate gas and nutrient exchange. Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia has a normal interaction between its subunits.

False Signup and view all the answers

What impact do mutations have on protein structure?

Mutations alter the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory system is primarily responsible for nutrient transport within the body.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does the smooth muscle in blood vessels play?

Regulates blood flow Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is responsible for protein synthesis and transport in eukaryotic cells.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the circulatory system is to transport _____ throughout the body.

nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their respective structures:

Mitochondria = Double membrane with cristae Lysosomes = Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes Nucleus = Double membrane with nuclear pores Golgi Apparatus = Stack of flattened sacs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels of organization in the body with their descriptions:

Cellular Level = Basic unit of life Organ Level = Different tissues working together Tissue Level = Groups of similar cells Organismal Level = Complete organism maintaining homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is NOT part of the circulatory system?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

The lungs facilitate the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one key component of the plasma membrane.

Phospholipid bilayer Signup and view all the answers

In the circulatory system, white blood cells are responsible for _____ .

immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting phenotype of a cross between a plant with red flowers (RR) and a plant with white flowers (rr)?

Pink flowers Signup and view all the answers

Mendelian genetics cannot predict the inheritance of traits.

False Signup and view all the answers

What systematic method is used to combine alleles in a genetic cross?

Punnett Square Signup and view all the answers

The likelihood of each genotype can be expressed as fractions, percentages, or _______.

ratios Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to inheritance patterns with their descriptions:

Dominant Alleles = Alleles that mask the expression of recessive alleles Recessive Alleles = Alleles that are only expressed in a homozygous state Incomplete Dominance = A blend of phenotypes in the heterozygous condition Co-dominance = Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of exocytosis?

Transport substances out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in four identical haploid cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis commonly referred to as?

Cell eating Signup and view all the answers

The main energy source required for active transport is _____.

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Match the bulk transport processes with their descriptions:

Endocytosis = Process of bringing substances into the cell Exocytosis = Process of transporting substances out of the cell Phagocytosis = Engulfing large particles Pinocytosis = Ingesting liquids and dissolved substances Signup and view all the answers

Which process specifically involves receptor proteins binding to molecules?

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Both osmosis and diffusion require energy.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

It is reduced by half. Signup and view all the answers

Small molecules such as O₂ and CO₂ move via _____.

diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of transport with their energy requirement:

Osmosis = No energy required Diffusion = No energy required Active Transport = Energy required Bulk Transport = Energy required Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chromosomes is true?

Humans have 46 chromosomes in total. Signup and view all the answers

Active transport moves molecules from lower to higher concentration.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a gene?

Provide instructions for the synthesis of proteins or RNA. Signup and view all the answers

During _____, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

crossing-over Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of mitosis?

Two identical diploid cells Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis involves two rounds of cell division.

False Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon increases genetic diversity in meiosis?

Crossing-over and independent assortment Signup and view all the answers

In mitosis, the process of separating sister chromatids occurs during _____ phase.

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Allele = Different forms of a gene Phenotype = Observable traits of an organism Genotype = Genetic makeup of an organism Haploid = Cells with half the number of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a homozygous dominant genotype?

Two dominant alleles Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis produces genetically diverse cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance pattern involves both alleles being expressed equally?

Co-dominance Signup and view all the answers

During _____, chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with its outcome:

Mitosis = Two identical diploid cells Meiosis = Four haploid cells Crossing-over = Increases genetic variation Independent assortment = Shuffles alleles during gamete formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

Production of gametes Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis maintains the same chromosome number in daughter cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the observable trait of an organism called?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

The two rounds of divisions in meiosis are referred to as _ I and _ II.

Meiosis, Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart's muscular walls?

To generate enough pressure to pump blood throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

Veins have thick walls and small lumens compared to arteries.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products Signup and view all the answers

The large surface area of the ______ allows for greater gas exchange.

alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Match the circulatory components with their functions:

Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood to the heart Capillaries = Facilitate exchange of substances Heart = Pumps blood throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution causes a cell to swell?

Hypotonic solution Signup and view all the answers

Diffusion requires energy to move molecules from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between osmosis and diffusion?

Osmosis specifically involves water movement, while diffusion involves other molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Active transport moves substances from concentration to concentration.

low; high Signup and view all the answers

Match the transport processes with their characteristics:

Osmosis = Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Active transport = Requires energy to move substances against the gradient Bulk transport = Movement of large quantities of substances using vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a mechanism involved in active transport?

Sodium-Potassium Pump Signup and view all the answers

Cilia in the respiratory tract help trap pathogens by moving mucus upwards.

True Signup and view all the answers

How do bronchioles regulate airflow into the lungs?

They can constrict or dilate due to smooth muscle lining. Signup and view all the answers

Genetics and Inheritance Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the chances of a child having sickle cell anaemia if both parents are carriers (HbA/HbS)?

Individuals with the homozygous normal genotype (HbA/HbA) can have sickle cell anaemia.

What mutation causes Huntington's disease?

If a person inherits one mutated gene (H) and one normal gene (h), they are said to be ______.

Match the genotypes with their corresponding conditions:

Why is the HbS gene more prevalent in populations from malaria-endemic areas?

Homozygous individuals (HH) for the HTT gene experience less severe symptoms of Huntington's disease.

What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?

What is the probability that a child will inherit Huntington’s disease if one parent is Hh and the other is hh?

Which type of mutation introduces a premature stop codon?

All mutations will lead to non-functional proteins.

What is a frameshift mutation?

In sickle cell anemia, a missense mutation substitutes __________ for glutamic acid.

How are splice site mutations significant?

Match the following types of mutations with their effects:

Dominant diseases have carriers who are unaffected.

What typically limits the onset of Huntington's disease?

A mutation that results in proteins of improper shape leading to diseases is typically due to alterations in the __________ structure.

Which of the following best describes conservative mutations?

What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

What characterizes a non-conservative mutation?

In cases of __________ mutations, the amino acid sequence may remain unchanged despite nucleotide changes.

What is the effect of a missense mutation on protein structure?

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis.

What is the role of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

The _______ are membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes.

Match the following organelles with their functions:

Which type of mutation is characterized by a change that does not affect the amino acid sequence?

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

Mutations can always be inherited in a dominant pattern.

Vacuoles in animal cells are larger than those in plant cells.

What structure do centrioles organize during cell division?

What is the main function of lysosomes?

The structure that synthesizes ATP within the mitochondria is known as the _______.

The primary cell types in the circulatory system are red blood cells, white blood cells, and _____ .

Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

Which organelle is involved in detoxifying harmful substances?

Which of the following statements is true about blood vessels?

Hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia has a normal interaction between its subunits.

What impact do mutations have on protein structure?

The respiratory system is primarily responsible for nutrient transport within the body.

What role does the smooth muscle in blood vessels play?

The _______ is responsible for protein synthesis and transport in eukaryotic cells.

The primary function of the circulatory system is to transport _____ throughout the body.

Match the following organelles with their respective structures:

Match the following levels of organization in the body with their descriptions:

Which of these structures is NOT part of the circulatory system?

The lungs facilitate the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen.

Name one key component of the plasma membrane.

In the circulatory system, white blood cells are responsible for _____ .

What is the resulting phenotype of a cross between a plant with red flowers (RR) and a plant with white flowers (rr)?

Mendelian genetics cannot predict the inheritance of traits.

What systematic method is used to combine alleles in a genetic cross?

The likelihood of each genotype can be expressed as fractions, percentages, or _______.

Match the terms related to inheritance patterns with their descriptions:

What is the primary purpose of exocytosis?

Meiosis results in four identical haploid cells.

What is phagocytosis commonly referred to as?

The main energy source required for active transport is _____.

Match the bulk transport processes with their descriptions:

Which process specifically involves receptor proteins binding to molecules?

Both osmosis and diffusion require energy.

What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

Small molecules such as O₂ and CO₂ move via _____.

Match the types of transport with their energy requirement:

Which statement about chromosomes is true?

Active transport moves molecules from lower to higher concentration.

What is the function of a gene?

During _____, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

What is the primary outcome of mitosis?

Mitosis involves two rounds of cell division.

What phenomenon increases genetic diversity in meiosis?

In mitosis, the process of separating sister chromatids occurs during _____ phase.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Which of the following describes a homozygous dominant genotype?

The two rounds of divisions in meiosis are referred to as _ I and _ II.

Active transport moves substances from concentration to concentration.