Genetics and Inheritance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the chances of a child having sickle cell anaemia if both parents are carriers (HbA/HbS)?

  • 25% (correct)
  • 75%
  • 100%
  • 50%

Individuals with the homozygous normal genotype (HbA/HbA) can have sickle cell anaemia.

False (B)

What mutation causes Huntington's disease?

Mutation in the HTT gene

If a person inherits one mutated gene (H) and one normal gene (h), they are said to be ______.

<p>heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the genotypes with their corresponding conditions:

<p>HbS/HbS = Sickle cell anaemia HbA/HbS = Carrier of sickle cell trait HH = Huntington's disease hh = No Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the HbS gene more prevalent in populations from malaria-endemic areas?

<p>It provides a survival advantage against malaria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homozygous individuals (HH) for the HTT gene experience less severe symptoms of Huntington's disease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?

<p>Autosomal dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that a child will inherit Huntington’s disease if one parent is Hh and the other is hh?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation introduces a premature stop codon?

<p>Nonsense Mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All mutations will lead to non-functional proteins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a frameshift mutation?

<p>A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that change the reading frame of the genetic code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sickle cell anemia, a missense mutation substitutes __________ for glutamic acid.

<p>valine</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are splice site mutations significant?

<p>They can result in defective hemoglobin proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mutations with their effects:

<p>Silent Mutation = No change in amino acid sequence Missense Mutation = Different amino acid incorporated Nonsense Mutation = Premature stop codon introduced Frameshift Mutation = Reading frame altered</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dominant diseases have carriers who are unaffected.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically limits the onset of Huntington's disease?

<p>Late Onset, usually between ages 30-50.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mutation that results in proteins of improper shape leading to diseases is typically due to alterations in the __________ structure.

<p>tertiary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes conservative mutations?

<p>Substituted amino acid has similar properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

<p>The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a non-conservative mutation?

<p>Disrupts protein structure and function significantly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of __________ mutations, the amino acid sequence may remain unchanged despite nucleotide changes.

<p>silent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a missense mutation on protein structure?

<p>It incorporates a different amino acid, potentially altering the protein's shape and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

<p>ATP production through aerobic respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

<p>Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ are membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes.

<p>lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their functions:

<p>Nucleus = Stores genetic material and synthesizes mRNA Golgi Apparatus = Modifies and packages proteins Ribosomes = Site of protein synthesis Peroxisomes = Detoxification and fatty acid metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is characterized by a change that does not affect the amino acid sequence?

<p>Silent mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Selective permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutations can always be inherited in a dominant pattern.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vacuoles in animal cells are larger than those in plant cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure do centrioles organize during cell division?

<p>Mitotic spindle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lysosomes?

<p>Intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure that synthesizes ATP within the mitochondria is known as the _______.

<p>cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary cell types in the circulatory system are red blood cells, white blood cells, and _____ .

<p>platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

<p>Type I alveolar cells = Gas exchange Type II alveolar cells = Secretion of surfactant Trachea = Air passage to lungs Diaphragm = Breathing control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in detoxifying harmful substances?

<p>Peroxisomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about blood vessels?

<p>Capillaries facilitate gas and nutrient exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia has a normal interaction between its subunits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do mutations have on protein structure?

<p>Mutations alter the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory system is primarily responsible for nutrient transport within the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the smooth muscle in blood vessels play?

<p>Regulates blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is responsible for protein synthesis and transport in eukaryotic cells.

<p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the circulatory system is to transport _____ throughout the body.

<p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their respective structures:

<p>Mitochondria = Double membrane with cristae Lysosomes = Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes Nucleus = Double membrane with nuclear pores Golgi Apparatus = Stack of flattened sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels of organization in the body with their descriptions:

<p>Cellular Level = Basic unit of life Organ Level = Different tissues working together Tissue Level = Groups of similar cells Organismal Level = Complete organism maintaining homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is NOT part of the circulatory system?

<p>Lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lungs facilitate the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one key component of the plasma membrane.

<p>Phospholipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the circulatory system, white blood cells are responsible for _____ .

<p>immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting phenotype of a cross between a plant with red flowers (RR) and a plant with white flowers (rr)?

<p>Pink flowers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mendelian genetics cannot predict the inheritance of traits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What systematic method is used to combine alleles in a genetic cross?

<p>Punnett Square</p> Signup and view all the answers

The likelihood of each genotype can be expressed as fractions, percentages, or _______.

<p>ratios</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to inheritance patterns with their descriptions:

<p>Dominant Alleles = Alleles that mask the expression of recessive alleles Recessive Alleles = Alleles that are only expressed in a homozygous state Incomplete Dominance = A blend of phenotypes in the heterozygous condition Co-dominance = Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of exocytosis?

<p>Transport substances out of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in four identical haploid cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis commonly referred to as?

<p>Cell eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main energy source required for active transport is _____.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the bulk transport processes with their descriptions:

<p>Endocytosis = Process of bringing substances into the cell Exocytosis = Process of transporting substances out of the cell Phagocytosis = Engulfing large particles Pinocytosis = Ingesting liquids and dissolved substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process specifically involves receptor proteins binding to molecules?

<p>Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both osmosis and diffusion require energy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

<p>It is reduced by half.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Small molecules such as O₂ and CO₂ move via _____.

<p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of transport with their energy requirement:

<p>Osmosis = No energy required Diffusion = No energy required Active Transport = Energy required Bulk Transport = Energy required</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chromosomes is true?

<p>Humans have 46 chromosomes in total. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active transport moves molecules from lower to higher concentration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a gene?

<p>Provide instructions for the synthesis of proteins or RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During _____, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

<p>crossing-over</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of mitosis?

<p>Two identical diploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis involves two rounds of cell division.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon increases genetic diversity in meiosis?

<p>Crossing-over and independent assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mitosis, the process of separating sister chromatids occurs during _____ phase.

<p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Allele = Different forms of a gene Phenotype = Observable traits of an organism Genotype = Genetic makeup of an organism Haploid = Cells with half the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a homozygous dominant genotype?

<p>Two dominant alleles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis produces genetically diverse cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance pattern involves both alleles being expressed equally?

<p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

During _____, chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.

<p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with its outcome:

<p>Mitosis = Two identical diploid cells Meiosis = Four haploid cells Crossing-over = Increases genetic variation Independent assortment = Shuffles alleles during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

<p>Production of gametes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis maintains the same chromosome number in daughter cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the observable trait of an organism called?

<p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two rounds of divisions in meiosis are referred to as _____ I and _____ II.

<p>Meiosis, Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart's muscular walls?

<p>To generate enough pressure to pump blood throughout the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Veins have thick walls and small lumens compared to arteries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

The large surface area of the ______ allows for greater gas exchange.

<p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the circulatory components with their functions:

<p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood to the heart Capillaries = Facilitate exchange of substances Heart = Pumps blood throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution causes a cell to swell?

<p>Hypotonic solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diffusion requires energy to move molecules from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between osmosis and diffusion?

<p>Osmosis specifically involves water movement, while diffusion involves other molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active transport moves substances from ______ concentration to ______ concentration.

<p>low; high</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the transport processes with their characteristics:

<p>Osmosis = Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Active transport = Requires energy to move substances against the gradient Bulk transport = Movement of large quantities of substances using vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a mechanism involved in active transport?

<p>Sodium-Potassium Pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cilia in the respiratory tract help trap pathogens by moving mucus upwards.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bronchioles regulate airflow into the lungs?

<p>They can constrict or dilate due to smooth muscle lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The walls of capillaries are ______ to facilitate diffusion.

<p>one cell thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a cell shrinks due to water moving out?

<p>Crenation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transport proteins are only used in passive transport processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic disorder caused by inheriting two mutated hemoglobin genes, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells, which can block blood flow.

Sickle Cell Trait

A condition where a person inherits one normal hemoglobin gene and one mutated gene, making them a carrier.

HbA/HbA

Homozygous normal genotype for hemoglobin. No sickle-cell trait or disease.

Huntington's Disease

A genetic disorder caused by a mutated HTT gene, leading to a defective protein and progressive brain cell damage.

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Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

A type of inheritance where only one copy of a mutated gene (from either parent) is required to cause disease.

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Heterozygous (Huntington's Disease)

Having one normal and one mutated gene resulting in Huntington's disease, as the mutated gene dominates.

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Homozygous (Huntington's Disease)

Having two copies of the mutated gene for Huntington's disease, potentially leading to more severe symptoms.

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Evolutionary Advantage (Sickle Cell)

Presence of the mutated gene (HbS) in areas with malaria provides a survival benefit due to reduced malaria risk.

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Point Mutation

A change in a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence.

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Substitution Mutation

One base is replaced by another in a DNA sequence.

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Silent Mutation

A nucleotide change that doesn't change the amino acid.

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Missense Mutation

A mutation that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein.

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Nonsense Mutation

Introduces a premature stop codon, resulting in truncated, usually non-functional proteins.

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Frameshift Mutation

Insertions or deletions that change the reading frame of the genetic code.

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Conservative Mutation

Amino acid substitution with similar properties.

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Non-conservative Mutation

Amino acid substitution with different properties, disrupting protein function.

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Splice Site Mutation

Mutation affecting pre-mRNA splicing, leading to improperly formed proteins.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence.

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Primary Structure

Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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Secondary Structure

Alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonds.

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Tertiary Structure

Three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain.

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Insertion/Deletion

The addition or removal of one or more nucleotides in a DNA sequence.

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Quaternary Structure of Proteins

The level of protein structure where multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) combine to form a functional protein.

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Mutations and Protein Function

Changes in DNA sequence (mutations) can alter protein structure and disrupt protein function.

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Nucleus

The organelle that stores DNA, controls gene expression, and assembles ribosomes.

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Mitochondria

The organelles responsible for energy production via aerobic respiration.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis and transport.

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Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

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Ribosomes

The organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

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Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials.

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Peroxisomes

Organelles involved in detoxification and fatty acid metabolism.

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Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments that maintain cell shape and support.

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Rough ER

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis and transportation.

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Smooth ER

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes; responsible for lipid production and detoxification.

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Punnett Square

A visual tool used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross between two parents.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles for a specific trait.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism, determined by the genotype.

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Incomplete Dominance

A pattern of inheritance where the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.

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Mendelian Genetics

The principles of inheritance that explain how traits are passed from parents to offspring, based on the work of Gregor Mendel.

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Plasma membrane structure

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

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Plasma membrane function

Selective permeability, controlling what enters and leaves the cell; also cell communication.

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Vacuole structure

Membrane-bound sacs to store substances like nutrients, waste, and water.

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Vacuole function (plant)

Maintaining turgor pressure, supporting plant cells.

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Vacuole function (animal)

Storage and transport within the cell.

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Centriole structure

Paired, cylindrical structures, made up of microtubules.

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Centriole function

Organizing microtubules into the mitotic spindle for chromosome segregation in mitosis.

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Circulatory system function

Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

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Red blood cell (RBC) function

Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

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White blood cell (WBC) function

Involved in the immune response.

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Platelets function

Involved in blood clotting to prevent bleeding.

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Epithelial tissue function

Lines body surfaces and cavities, forming a barrier; it also secretes mucus.

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Respiratory System Function

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

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Cellular Level of organization

The most basic unit of life, where all living processes occur.

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Levels of organization (increasing complexity)

Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism

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Endocytosis

Process of bringing substances into a cell by engulfing them with the cell membrane, forming a vesicle around the substance.

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Phagocytosis

Type of endocytosis where large particles, like bacteria, are engulfed by the cell.

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Pinocytosis

Type of endocytosis where liquids and dissolved substances are ingested by the cell.

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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Specific molecules bind to receptor proteins on the cell membrane, triggering the formation of a vesicle to bring in those molecules.

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Exocytosis

Process of transporting substances out of the cell using vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane.

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Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane without requiring energy from the cell.

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Active Transport

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy from the cell (ATP).

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Osmosis

Passive transport of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.

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Diffusion

Passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

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Bulk Transport

Movement of large molecules and particles into or out of the cell through vesicles, requiring energy.

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Gene

A segment of DNA that provides instructions for building a specific protein or RNA molecule.

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DNA

A molecule that carries genetic information, composed of two strands in a double helix structure with specific base pairings (A-T, C-G).

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Chromosome

A long, continuous molecule of DNA containing hundreds or thousands of genes, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Meiosis

Cell division process that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes, ensuring genetic variation.

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Mitosis

Cell division process that produces two identical somatic (body) cells, enabling growth and repair.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution where the solute concentration outside the cell is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution where the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the solute concentration inside the cell.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution where the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than the solute concentration inside the cell.

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Simple Diffusion

The movement of small, non-polar molecules directly through the cell membrane.

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Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of larger or charged molecules through the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

A primary example of active transport in animal cells, moving 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

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Why is it called bulk transport?

Bulk transport describes the movement of large quantities of substances. This contrasts with the movement of individual molecules in diffusion and active transport.

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What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient, whereas facilitated diffusion is passive and does not require energy.

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How does the structure of a cell membrane relate to its function in transport?

The cell membrane's structure, a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, allows selective permeability, enabling the transport of different molecules through simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and bulk transport.

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What is the importance of cell transport mechanisms?

Cell transport mechanisms play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the intake of essential nutrients, removal of waste products, and controlling the internal environment of the cell.

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How does osmosis contribute to the movement of fluids in the body?

Osmosis is crucial for maintaining fluid balance within the body, ensuring proper hydration of cells and tissues

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Diploid Cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent (2n).

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Haploid Cell

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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Independent Assortment

The random separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis.

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Allele

An alternative form of a gene that arises due to variations in the DNA sequence.

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Dominant Allele

An allele that masks the expression of a recessive allele when both are present.

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Recessive Allele

An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when two copies are present.

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Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

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Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a given gene.

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Co-dominance

A type of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype.

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