Genetics and Inheritance Quiz
48 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is true about a dominant allele?

  • It cannot mask the effect of a recessive allele.
  • It is always more common than a recessive allele.
  • It only expresses its trait if two copies are present.
  • It expresses its trait even with one copy present. (correct)

    • Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits are inherited together.

    False

    What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

    To predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring resulting from a genetic cross.

    A trait controlled by more than one gene is called __________ inheritance.

    <p>polygenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of inheritance with its description:

    <p>Complete dominance = One allele completely masks the other Incomplete dominance = Blended phenotype in heterozygous individuals Codominance = Both alleles expressed equally Polygenic inheritance = Traits controlled by multiple genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross between AA (homozygous dominant) and aa (homozygous recessive), what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

    <p>100% dominant phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A recessive allele expresses its trait only when two copies are present.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of genetics?

    <p>Gregor Mendel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a sperm and egg unite to form a zygote?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aging is characterized by an increase in physiological functions and regenerative capacity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three germ layers formed during gastrulation.

    <p>ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Puberty involves hormonal changes that lead to the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as _____ in females.

    <p>breast development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of diseases with their respective characteristics:

    <p>Infectious Diseases = Caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses Non-Communicable Diseases = Chronic diseases not caused by infections Cancer = Characterized by uncontrolled cell growth Immunity = Body's defense against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which trimester do the most significant developmental changes occur?

    <p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccination helps the body by directly treating diseases once they occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human health is closely related to _____ and disease.

    <p>biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide?

    <p>Respiratory System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Excretory System?

    <p>To remove waste products from the body and regulate fluid balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ pumps blood throughout the body.

    <p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following systems with their primary functions:

    <p>Nervous System = Coordinates body activities and processes sensory information Endocrine System = Regulates body processes through hormones Digestive System = Breaks down food into nutrients Lymphatic System = Defends the body against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key component of the Cardiovascular System?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key component is responsible for filtering blood in the Excretory System?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings?

    <p>Endothermic Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exothermic reactions result in a decrease in the temperature of the surrounding environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law that must be obeyed when balancing chemical equations?

    <p>Law of conservation of mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reaction 6CO2 + 6H2O + ______ → C6H12O6 + 6O2 is an example of ________.

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reactions with their correct type:

    <p>Burning methane = Exothermic Photosynthesis = Endothermic Respiration = Exothermic Cold packs = Endothermic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers?

    <p>Pauli Exclusion Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing temperature generally decreases the rate of chemical reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons fill degenerate orbitals in pairs before occupying singly according to Hund's Rule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the reaction rate when the concentration of reactants is increased?

    <p>The reaction rate increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron configuration of Carbon (C)?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertical columns on the periodic table are known as __________.

    <p>groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group in the periodic table contains the noble gases?

    <p>Group 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their examples:

    <p>Group 1 = Alkali metals Group 2 = Alkaline earth metals Group 17 = Halogens Group 18 = Noble gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is observed in atomic radius as you move across a period from left to right?

    <p>Atomic radius decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atomic size increases as you move down a group in the periodic table.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Newton's First Law of Motion describe?

    <p>The tendency of objects to resist changes in their motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Newton's Third Law of Motion, if object A exerts a force on object B, object B will exert a greater force back on object A.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating kinetic energy?

    <p>KE = 1/2 mv^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total energy of an isolated system remains constant due to the principle of __________.

    <p>Conservation of Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forms of energy with their definitions:

    <p>Kinetic Energy = Energy of motion Potential Energy = Energy due to position Mechanical Energy = Sum of kinetic and potential energy Thermal Energy = Energy related to temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the work done by a force?

    <p>W = F * d * cos(θ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The product of mass and velocity results in momentum, which can change without external forces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define power in the context of mechanics.

    <p>Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Biology

    • A cell is the smallest unit of life, carrying out all necessary functions for life. These functions include metabolism, energy production, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and waste elimination.
    • Cells are categorized into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types.
    • Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Examples include bacteria and archaea.
    • Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Examples include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
    • Cells contain organelles with specific functions. Examples of these organelles include the nucleus which contains DNA, organised into chromosomes. Mitochondria generate ATP and ribosomes synthesize proteins. The Endoplasmic Reticulum aids in protein and lipid synthesis. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.
    • The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls substances entering and exiting the cell.
    • Cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates cell movement and division.
    • Cells reproduce through mitosis (identical daughter cells) and meiosis (gametes reduce chromosome number by half) for sexual reproduction.

    Energy Production in Cells

    • Cellular respiration is the process where cells break down glucose into ATP (energy currency).
    • This occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
    • Photosynthesis (in plants) is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy in the form of glucose, using chloroplasts.

    Cell Communication

    • Signal transduction is how cells communicate via signaling molecules to receptors on the cell membrane.
    • Gap junctions allow for direct communication and transport between cells in animals.
    • Plasmodesmata (in plants) are similar structures that allow communication and transport between cells.

    Cell Death

    • Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a controlled process for eliminating damaged or unneeded cells.
    • Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death, often caused by injury or infection, leading to inflammation.

    Cell Theory

    • All living things are composed of cells.
    • The cell is the basic functional unit of living organisms.
    • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

    Cellular processes

    • Protein synthesis: The creation of proteins from amino acids using mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.
    • Cellular transport: The movement of molecules across the cell membrane; can be passive or active.

    Cell Specialization

    • In multicellular organisms, cells specialize to perform specific functions (cell differentiation). Examples include muscle cells (contraction) and nerve cells (transmitting electrical signals) or red blood cells (oxygen transport).

    Ecology

    • Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment.
    • Levels of ecological organization include organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere.
    • Key ecological concepts include energy flow, nutrient cycling, and the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in ecosystems.
    • Ecological studies consider interactions (predation, competition and symbiosis).
    • Human impact on ecosystems (deforestation, pollution, climate change) is important.
    • Ecosystem services provided by ecosystems include provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services.

    Conservation Ecology

    • Conservation ecology focuses on preserving biodiversity and managing ecosystems to limit human impact.
    • Factors impacting ecosystems include biotic factors (living organisms) and abiotic factors (non-living components such as climate, soil, and water).
    • Human activities can alter ecosystems (deforestation, pollution etc).
    • Biodiversity is important for ecosystem stability.
    • Sustainability is crucial for balancing human needs with the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

    Genetics and Heredity

    • Genetics is the study of genes, variation, and heredity.

    • Heredity is the process of passing traits from parents to offspring.

    • Key genetic concepts include genes, alleles (different forms of a gene).

    • Mendelian genetics includes laws of segregation and independent assortment. Laws relating to inheritance using a Punnett square.

    • Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes; sex chromosomes determine sex (XY in males, XX in females).

    • Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the physical expression.

    • Genetic disorders include conditions like cancer, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia.

    • Genetic engineering (gene cloning, CRISPR-Cas9, gene therapy) is used to modify genes.

    • Evolutionary processes like natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow affect genetic variation in populations.

    Human Biology

    • Human biology studies the structure, function, and behavior of the human body, involving anatomy, physiology, genetics, and human interactions within the environment.
    • Body systems function together (e.g. digestive, circulatory, nervous).
    • Human biology explores health and disease, including infectious diseases (e.g. bacteria, viruses) and non-communicable diseases (e.g. heart disease and cancer).
    • Human biology considers development processes (from conception to adulthood), aging and disease.

    Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

    • Atoms are the basic units of matter.

    • Atoms are made up of subatomic particles: protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-).

    • Protons and neutrons reside in the atomic nucleus; electrons orbit the nucleus in shells or energy levels.

    • Atomic number = number of protons in the nucleus.

    • Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons.

    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers.

    • The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of all known elements, organised by atomic number, electron configuration and recurring chemical properties.

    • Trends within the periodic table relate to atomic size, ionization energy and electronegativity.

    Chemical Bonding

    • Chemical bonds join atoms to form molecules or compounds.
    • Types of bonds: ionic bonds (transfer of electrons); covalent bonds (sharing of electrons); metallic bonds (sea of delocalised electrons).
    • Polarity of molecules: Depends on bond polarity and molecular shape; affects solubility in polar/non-polar solvents.
    • Intermolecular forces (IMFs): Weak forces that hold molecules together and influence physical properties.

    Energy in Chemical Reactions

    • Chemical reactions involve energy transfer.
    • Exothermic reactions release energy (e.g., combustion).
    • Endothermic reactions absorb energy (e.g., photosynthesis).
    • Factors (temperature, concentration, surface area) that affect reaction rates.
    • Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed.
    • Reaction kinetics studies reaction rates.
    • Equilibrium is when forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids are proton donors, bases are proton acceptors.
    • pH scale measures acidity (0-14).
    • Neutralization reactions: acids + bases → salt + water.
    • Acid-base reactions have many applications in everyday life, industry, and biology, from digestion to cleaning.

    Mechanics

    • Classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics explain motion.
    • Key concepts: displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, time, force, mass, friction and energy.
    • Conservation laws (momentum, energy) apply in mechanical systems.

    Waves and Light

    • A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy; waves can be mechanical (require a medium) or electromagnetic (do not require a medium).
    • Types of waves: transverse (oscillations at right angles to propagation) and longitudinal (oscillations parallel to propagation).
    • Electromagnetic waves (light and radio waves) can travel through empty space.
    • Light, from a particle viewpoint, consists of photons that carry energy
    • Light, from a wave viewpoint, behaves according to the phenomenon of reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction (e.g. from optical instruments like lenses or prisms).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Definition of a Cell PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including dominant and recessive alleles, Punnett squares, and Mendelian laws. This quiz covers various aspects of genetic traits, inheritance patterns, and processes such as fertilization. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of fundamental genetics.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser