Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a karyotype?
What is a karyotype?
- The identifiable characteristic size of a chromosome
- A composite display of all of an organism’s chromosomes, illustrating sister chromatids, centromeres, and banding patterns (correct)
- The process of DNA replication to form sister chromatids
- The structure containing most of an organism’s DNA
What is the function of a centromere in a chromosome?
What is the function of a centromere in a chromosome?
- To exhibit a characteristic size
- To join sister chromatids (correct)
- To form a matched pair in humans
- To contain all of an organism’s genetic material
How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have?
How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have?
- 2 (correct)
- 4
- 3
- 1
What are the chromosomes of the 23rd pair in males?
What are the chromosomes of the 23rd pair in males?
What is the term used to describe the situation in which the presence of a recessive allele is masked by the dominant normal allele?
What is the term used to describe the situation in which the presence of a recessive allele is masked by the dominant normal allele?
Which term refers to how an allele behaves in combination with a recessive allele in a heterozygote?
Which term refers to how an allele behaves in combination with a recessive allele in a heterozygote?
What term describes the situation where some dominant alleles are quite rare in a population?
What term describes the situation where some dominant alleles are quite rare in a population?
Which gene controls the number of human fingers and toes?
Which gene controls the number of human fingers and toes?
What is the condition called when individuals have extra fingers and toes on each hand and foot?
What is the condition called when individuals have extra fingers and toes on each hand and foot?
What type of dwarfism is caused by a very rare dominant allele in the human population?
What type of dwarfism is caused by a very rare dominant allele in the human population?
What does Mendel's law of independent assortment state?
What does Mendel's law of independent assortment state?
What is the term for genes located on the same chromosome that may or may not be inherited together?
What is the term for genes located on the same chromosome that may or may not be inherited together?
What is the term used to describe the situation when genes for different traits assort independently of each other during the formation of sperm and egg?
What is the term used to describe the situation when genes for different traits assort independently of each other during the formation of sperm and egg?
What is the term for the ability of one gene to mask the effects of another gene?
What is the term for the ability of one gene to mask the effects of another gene?
What term describes the situation when a gene has more than two alleles in a population?
What term describes the situation when a gene has more than two alleles in a population?
What is the term for the situation when one gene has multiple effects on the phenotype?
What is the term for the situation when one gene has multiple effects on the phenotype?
What is the term for alternative versions of genes due to small DNA sequence differences between autosomes?
What is the term for alternative versions of genes due to small DNA sequence differences between autosomes?
Which chromosomes carry genes unrelated to sex determination, such as those for color vision and blood clotting proteins?
Which chromosomes carry genes unrelated to sex determination, such as those for color vision and blood clotting proteins?
What is the term for the complete set of alleles that influences phenotype?
What is the term for the complete set of alleles that influences phenotype?
What is the term for the collective genes and alleles in the human population?
What is the term for the collective genes and alleles in the human population?
What did Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants lead to the discovery of?
What did Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants lead to the discovery of?
What is the term for the discrete 'factors' of heredity proposed by Mendel, now known as genes, found on chromosomes?
What is the term for the discrete 'factors' of heredity proposed by Mendel, now known as genes, found on chromosomes?
What is the term for chromosomes that are inherited as a pair through meiosis and fertilization?
What is the term for chromosomes that are inherited as a pair through meiosis and fertilization?
What leads to genetic diversity in offspring?
What leads to genetic diversity in offspring?
What are homologous chromosomes with two copies of each gene inherited from each parent called?
What are homologous chromosomes with two copies of each gene inherited from each parent called?
What do different alleles of a gene have differences in?
What do different alleles of a gene have differences in?
What influences phenotype, including physical traits and susceptibility to diseases?
What influences phenotype, including physical traits and susceptibility to diseases?
What are small DNA sequence differences between autosomes that lead to alternative versions of genes called?
What are small DNA sequence differences between autosomes that lead to alternative versions of genes called?
In Mendel's experiments with pea plants, what did the cross of green and yellow pea plants result in?
In Mendel's experiments with pea plants, what did the cross of green and yellow pea plants result in?
What did Mendel deduce about each pea plant's factors (alleles) for pea color?
What did Mendel deduce about each pea plant's factors (alleles) for pea color?
What determines the freckles in humans, according to the text?
What determines the freckles in humans, according to the text?
What is the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis?
What is the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis?
How does the yellow allele behave in pea plants, according to Mendel's experiments?
How does the yellow allele behave in pea plants, according to Mendel's experiments?
What is the genetic basis of most recessive alleles, according to the text?
What is the genetic basis of most recessive alleles, according to the text?
What is the outcome of inheriting two copies of the mutated CFTR gene?
What is the outcome of inheriting two copies of the mutated CFTR gene?
How are harmful recessive alleles kept in check, according to the text?
How are harmful recessive alleles kept in check, according to the text?
What is the genetic basis of freckles, according to the text?
What is the genetic basis of freckles, according to the text?
What is the genetic basis of cystic fibrosis, according to the text?
What is the genetic basis of cystic fibrosis, according to the text?
What is the genetic basis of most recessive alleles, according to the text?
What is the genetic basis of most recessive alleles, according to the text?
What is the outcome of inheriting two copies of the mutated CFTR gene?
What is the outcome of inheriting two copies of the mutated CFTR gene?
Study Notes
Inheritance and Genetic Variation
- Sex chromosomes differ in genes and function, but are inherited as a pair through meiosis and fertilization.
- The X chromosome carries genes unrelated to sex determination, such as those for color vision and blood clotting proteins.
- Autosomes are homologous chromosomes with two copies of each gene inherited from each parent.
- Small DNA sequence differences between autosomes lead to alternative versions of genes called alleles.
- Alleles may code for proteins with different structures and functions, affecting phenotype.
- Different alleles are a result of millions of years of mutations passed on through generations.
- The collective genes and alleles in the human population are known as the human gene pool.
- Genotype, the complete set of alleles, influences phenotype, including physical traits and susceptibility to diseases.
- Different alleles of a gene have differences in nucleotide sequence and are designated with uppercase and lowercase letters.
- Gametes receive only one allele from each parent, leading to genetic diversity in offspring.
- Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants led to the discovery of fundamental principles of inheritance and genes.
- Mendel proposed discrete "factors" of heredity, now known as genes, found on chromosomes.
Mendel's Experiments and the Principles of Inheritance
- Mendel's pea plant experiments provided insight into genetics in complex organisms
- Mendel performed a one-trait cross, following the inheritance of pea color
- Offspring from the cross of green and yellow pea plants all produced yellow peas
- When two yellow pea-producing offspring were crossed, 75% produced yellow peas and 25% produced green peas
- Mendel deduced that each pea plant has two factors (alleles) for pea color, and each parent contributes only one factor to the offspring
- A gamete (sperm or egg) is haploid and the allele a parent contributes is determined randomly
- The yellow allele behaves in a dominant manner, while the green allele is recessive
- The MC1R gene determines freckles, with a dominant allele (F) for freckles and a recessive allele (f) for no freckles
- Most recessive alleles do not confer advantage or disadvantage
- Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele, and only homozygous recessive individuals are afflicted
- The normal CFTR gene is dominant, and inheriting two copies of the mutated CFTR gene results in cystic fibrosis
- Harmful recessive alleles are kept in check by the occasional premature death of homozygous recessive individuals
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Description
Test your knowledge of inheritance and genetic variation with this quiz. Learn about sex chromosomes, alleles, genetic diversity, Mendel's experiments, and the principles of inheritance. Brush up on the fundamentals of genetics and understand how traits are passed down through generations.
