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Questions and Answers
Which term describes the physical expression of a trait?
Which term describes the physical expression of a trait?
- Phenotype (correct)
- Genotype
- Trait
- Allele
Which term describes an alternative form of a gene?
Which term describes an alternative form of a gene?
- Trait
- Allele (correct)
- Phenotype
- Genotype
Which term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?
Which term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?
- Allele
- Genotype (correct)
- Trait
- Phenotype
Which term refers to the first generation offspring resulting from a cross between two true-breeding parents?
Which term refers to the first generation offspring resulting from a cross between two true-breeding parents?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for a gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele?
What is the term for a gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele?
Which term describes the process of combining genetic material from two different individuals to produce offspring with a combination of traits?
Which term describes the process of combining genetic material from two different individuals to produce offspring with a combination of traits?
What is the term for the offspring resulting from the cross between the parental generation (P generation)?
What is the term for the offspring resulting from the cross between the parental generation (P generation)?
What is the term for the second generation offspring resulting from the cross between two individuals of the F1 generation?
What is the term for the second generation offspring resulting from the cross between two individuals of the F1 generation?
Which term describes the phenomenon where two different alleles for a gene are both expressed in the heterozygous condition?
Which term describes the phenomenon where two different alleles for a gene are both expressed in the heterozygous condition?
Which term describes the phenomenon where the phenotype of the heterozygous condition is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygous conditions?
Which term describes the phenomenon where the phenotype of the heterozygous condition is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygous conditions?
What is the term for the separation of alleles during the formation of gametes?
What is the term for the separation of alleles during the formation of gametes?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross?
What is the term for a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross?
What is the term for the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
What is the term for the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
Which term describes the process of combining genetic material from two different individuals to produce offspring with a combination of traits?
Which term describes the process of combining genetic material from two different individuals to produce offspring with a combination of traits?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
Which term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?
Which term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?
What is the term for a gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele?
What is the term for a gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele?
What is the term for the offspring resulting from the cross between the parental generation (P generation)?
What is the term for the offspring resulting from the cross between the parental generation (P generation)?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
Which term refers to the first generation offspring resulting from a cross between two true-breeding parents?
Which term refers to the first generation offspring resulting from a cross between two true-breeding parents?
What is the term for a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross?
What is the term for a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross?
Which term describes the phenomenon where two different alleles for a gene are both expressed in the heterozygous condition?
Which term describes the phenomenon where two different alleles for a gene are both expressed in the heterozygous condition?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
What is the function of telomerase in DNA replication?
What is the function of telomerase in DNA replication?
What is the difference between DNA damage and mutation?
What is the difference between DNA damage and mutation?
What is the enzymatic activity of telomerase?
What is the enzymatic activity of telomerase?
What happens if a cell has defective proofreading activity of its DNA polymerase?
What happens if a cell has defective proofreading activity of its DNA polymerase?
What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?
What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?
What is the function of histone proteins in DNA packaging?
What is the function of histone proteins in DNA packaging?
What happens in the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
What happens in the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
What is the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the control of the cell cycle?
What is the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the control of the cell cycle?
What is the probability of a heterozygous woman with hemophilia having a son with hemophilia?
What is the probability of a heterozygous woman with hemophilia having a son with hemophilia?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a daughter with color blindness?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a daughter with color blindness?
What is the term for the process by which genetic material from two different individuals is combined to produce offspring with a combination of traits?
What is the term for the process by which genetic material from two different individuals is combined to produce offspring with a combination of traits?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for a gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele?
What is the term for a gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele?
What is the term for the separation of alleles during the formation of gametes?
What is the term for the separation of alleles during the formation of gametes?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
What is the term for the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
What is the term for the enzyme responsible for adding telomeric DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes?
What is the term for the enzyme responsible for adding telomeric DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes?
What is the term for the process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules?
What is the term for the process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
What is the role of histone proteins in DNA packaging?
What is the role of histone proteins in DNA packaging?
What is the difference between DNA damage and mutation?
What is the difference between DNA damage and mutation?
What is the function of telomerase in DNA replication?
What is the function of telomerase in DNA replication?
What is the enzymatic activity of telomerase?
What is the enzymatic activity of telomerase?
What is the probability of a heterozygous woman with hemophilia having a son with hemophilia?
What is the probability of a heterozygous woman with hemophilia having a son with hemophilia?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a daughter with color blindness?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a daughter with color blindness?
What is the term for the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
What is the term for the process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
What is the term for the second generation offspring resulting from the cross between two individuals of the F1 generation?
What is the term for the second generation offspring resulting from the cross between two individuals of the F1 generation?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for the separation of alleles during the formation of gametes?
What is the term for the separation of alleles during the formation of gametes?
Which term describes the process by which genetic material from two different individuals is combined to produce offspring with a combination of traits?
Which term describes the process by which genetic material from two different individuals is combined to produce offspring with a combination of traits?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
What is the term for a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
What is the term for the process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules?
What is the term for the process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules?
What is the term for the separation of alleles during the formation of gametes?
What is the term for the separation of alleles during the formation of gametes?
What is the term for the function of histone proteins in DNA packaging?
What is the term for the function of histone proteins in DNA packaging?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for the random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes during meiosis?
What is the term for the offspring resulting from the cross between the parental generation (P generation)?
What is the term for the offspring resulting from the cross between the parental generation (P generation)?
What is the term for a gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele?
What is the term for a gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele?
What is the enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
What is the enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
Which protein is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?
Which protein is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?
Which protein is responsible for relieving torsional strain ahead of the replication fork during DNA replication?
Which protein is responsible for relieving torsional strain ahead of the replication fork during DNA replication?
What is the function of primase during DNA replication?
What is the function of primase during DNA replication?
What is the difference between leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
What is the difference between leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
What is the role of telomerase in DNA replication?
What is the role of telomerase in DNA replication?
What would happen if a cell had defective proofreading activity of its DNA polymerase?
What would happen if a cell had defective proofreading activity of its DNA polymerase?
What is the difference between DNA damage and mutation?
What is the difference between DNA damage and mutation?
What is the common aspect of mismatch repair, base excision repair, and nucleotide excision repair?
What is the common aspect of mismatch repair, base excision repair, and nucleotide excision repair?
What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?
What is the difference between eukaryotic mitosis and meiosis?
Which of the following is true about hemophilia?
Which of the following is true about hemophilia?
What is the probability of a heterozygous woman with hemophilia having a son with hemophilia?
What is the probability of a heterozygous woman with hemophilia having a son with hemophilia?
What is the probability of a heterozygous woman with hemophilia having a daughter with hemophilia?
What is the probability of a heterozygous woman with hemophilia having a daughter with hemophilia?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a son with color blindness if the father is not color-blind?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a son with color blindness if the father is not color-blind?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a daughter with color blindness if the father is not color-blind?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a daughter with color blindness if the father is not color-blind?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a son with color blindness if the father is also color-blind?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a son with color blindness if the father is also color-blind?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a daughter with color blindness if the father is also color-blind?
What is the probability of a woman with red-green color blindness having a daughter with color blindness if the father is also color-blind?
How far apart are two genes in centimorgans if 12% of the offspring from a cross of fruit flies exhibit nonparental phenotypes?
How far apart are two genes in centimorgans if 12% of the offspring from a cross of fruit flies exhibit nonparental phenotypes?
Are dominant traits or alleles more common than recessive traits or alleles?
Are dominant traits or alleles more common than recessive traits or alleles?
During meiosis I in a male cat, if a nondisjunction occurs, how many chromosomes will there be in each of the four resulting sperm cells?
During meiosis I in a male cat, if a nondisjunction occurs, how many chromosomes will there be in each of the four resulting sperm cells?
A baby is born with the sex-chromosomes XYY. Both parents have the normal number of chromosomes (46). In which meiotic division did the nondisjunction occur?
A baby is born with the sex-chromosomes XYY. Both parents have the normal number of chromosomes (46). In which meiotic division did the nondisjunction occur?
What happens to the X and Y chromosomes during normal meiosis (no nondisjunction)?
What happens to the X and Y chromosomes during normal meiosis (no nondisjunction)?
What happens if a nondisjunction event occurs in meiosis I (but meiosis II works normally)?
What happens if a nondisjunction event occurs in meiosis I (but meiosis II works normally)?
What happens if a nondisjunction event occurs in meiosis II (but meiosis I works normally)?
What happens if a nondisjunction event occurs in meiosis II (but meiosis I works normally)?
Which of the following is the most likely reason for seeing this page instead of the desired web site?
Which of the following is the most likely reason for seeing this page instead of the desired web site?
What is the recommended browser for viewing this website?
What is the recommended browser for viewing this website?
What can happen if the error on this page is left unchecked?
What can happen if the error on this page is left unchecked?
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Study Notes
Genetic Terminology
- Phenotype: The physical expression of a trait.
- Allele: An alternative form of a gene.
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
- F1 Generation: The first generation offspring from a cross between two true-breeding parents.
- Recessive Allele: A gene variant that is masked by the presence of a dominant allele.
- Punnett Square: A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.
Genetic Processes
- Hybridization: The process of combining genetic material from two different individuals to produce offspring with a combination of traits.
- Meiosis: Includes the separation of alleles during gamete formation and random distribution of alleles for different genes into gametes.
- Crossing Over: The process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
- DNA Replication: The process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules.
Genetic Conditions
- Incomplete Dominance: The phenotype of the heterozygous condition is intermediate between the homozygous conditions.
- Codominance: Two different alleles for a gene are both expressed in the heterozygous condition.
- Mutation: A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; can be caused by errors in DNA replication or environmental factors.
- DNA Repair Mechanisms: Include mismatch repair, base excision repair, and nucleotide excision repair, all aimed at correcting errors in DNA.
Cell Cycle and DNA Replication
- Telomerase: An enzyme responsible for adding telomeric DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes, providing stability during DNA replication.
- Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Key regulators of the cell cycle, controlling progression through various phases.
- G0 Phase: A resting phase where cells are not actively dividing; may be temporary or permanent.
Probability in Genetics
- Hemophilia Probability: Determines the likelihood of offspring inheriting hemophilia based on parental genotypes.
- Color Blindness Inheritance: The probability of passing on color blindness traits, particularly analyzing scenarios with heterozygous and homozygous parents.
- Gene Mapping: Distance between genes can be determined using recombinant frequencies, such as 12% indicating they are 12 centimorgans apart.
Meiotic Errors
- Nondisjunction: Abnormal chromosome segregation during meiosis that can lead to conditions like XYY in offspring.
- Consequences of Nondisjunction: During meiosis I or II can affect chromosome numbers in gametes, leading to genetic disorders.
DNA Structure and Function
- Histone Proteins: Essential for DNA packaging, helping organize and condense DNA into chromatin structures.
- Leading vs. Lagging Strands: Differ in replication direction; leading strands synthesize continuously while lagging strands replicate in segments (Okazaki fragments).
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