Genetics and Hormone Therapy Quiz

Maternal, Newborn, and Women's Health Test #1 Study Guide

• Healthy People 2030 Goals: Aims to improve maternal and infant health, with targets to reduce maternal deaths, severe complications, and preterm births.

• Highest Infant Mortality Rate: Black clients face higher rates of maternal and infant mortality.

• Fertility Decline: Fertility in women typically begins to decline around age 32.

• High-Level Nursing Activity: The scope of practice for maternal-newborn nurses includes assessments, interventions, and evaluations specific to the perinatal period. This demonstrates working at the highest level of licensure.

• Medication for Abortion: Mifepristone is used for medication-induced abortions.

Postpartum Psychosis

• Client Manifestations: Postpartum psychosis is a rare, severe condition requiring immediate intervention, associated with a risk of suicide and infanticide. Hallucinations and delusions are common manifestations.

Labor and Delivery Unit Nursing Skills

• Comprehensive Support: Requires emotional support, comfort measures, and coping strategies for clients prenatally, during labor, and postpartum.

• Client Wishes: Nurses advocate for client wishes and ensure safe and desired care during labor.

Home Births

• Safe Home Births: Require low-risk assessments, qualified providers, emergency transfer plans, and regulated systems for medical intervention. Risks include increased rates of neonatal death, decreased use of episiotomy, and decreased rates of cesarean birth

Complications of Abortion

• Complications: Possible complications include hemorrhage, infection, and ongoing pregnancy.

Postpartum Nursing Care

• Prenatal-to-Discharge Education: Preconception counseling to prenatal education, childbirth classes and community involvement, discharge education on post-delivery complications, postpartum education (breastfeeding, newborn care, emotional changes, perineal care).

Client Education Regarding Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy

• Harmful Substances: Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and illicit drugs are harmful during pregnancy.

• No Safe Amount: No safe amount of these substances during pregnancy.

• Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS): A potential outcome of substance use during pregnancy.

• Promote Bonding: Emphasize bonding through practices like Eat, Sleep, Console (ESC).

Maternal-Infant Bonding in Substance Use Disorders

• Promote Bonding: Stress the importance of Eat, Sleep, Console (ESC) for bonding.

Factors Increasing Risk for Health Disparities in Pregnant Clients

• Social Determinants of Health (SDOH): Unemployment, low socioeconomic status, and mental/physical illness are significant factors.

• Vulnerable Populations: Identify clients experiencing stressors, particularly vulnerable populations.

Cultural Awareness

• Cultural Competence: Understanding and respecting different cultures.
• Cultural Awareness: Examining one's own beliefs and influences.

LGBTQIA Reproductive Options

• Recognizing Needs: Surrogacy and assistive reproductive technologies are options for the LGBTQIA community.

Suspicion of Human Trafficking

• Reporting Requirement: Report any suspicion to the direct supervisor.

Family-Centered Care

• Cultural Sensitivity: Provide culturally sensitive, family-centered care, considering clients' personal, cultural, and familial beliefs.

• Community Resources: Collect data about community programs and clients' living situations.

Client Relationships Affecting Healthcare Attitudes

• Client Support: Assess client relationships that affect healthcare decision making.

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

• Prevalence: One of the most prevalent chromosomal disorders (1 in 700-800 newborns).

• Risk Factors: Maternal age increases risk.

• Outcomes: Median lifespan of 47 years; favourable prognosis in general.

Single Gene Disorders

• Inheritance: Traced across families. The three types are dominant, recessive, and X-linked.

Carrier Screenings

• Target vs. Expanded: Differentiate between these types.

Hereditary Genetic Disorders

• Prenatal Testing: Client education crucial for understanding risks and options, including testing and genetic counseling for hereditary diseases.

Newborn Hearing Test

• Procedure: Placement of earphones connected to a computer to assess newborn response to sound.

Genetic Counseling

• Nurse Role: Establishing trust and rapport with the client while supporting the client's decisions.

Genetic Risks in Pregnancy

• Determining Risks: Assess factors like advanced maternal age (over 35), family/personal history of genetic disorders, previous miscarriages, and carrier screening.

Amniocentesis

• Diagnostic Testing: Diagnose genetic or inherited concerns during pregnancy using an ultrasound (visualization), with result discussion 2 weeks after the procedure.

Testosterone Function

• Physical Development: Essential for male characteristics like facial hair, deeper voice, muscle mass and fat distribution (or for typical male fat distribution).

• Fertility Concerns: Can affect fertility in women, with potential for reduced ovarian function and atrophy of the uterus.

• Hormone Therapy: Clients should consult fertility specialists before starting hormone therapy regarding potential risks and options like egg freezing.

Client Education Regarding Abortion

• Accurate Information: Provide comprehensive, accurate and unbiased information about different methods, risks, and benefits.
• Reproductive Health Options: Include discussion about accessing abortion services if needed in patient education.
• Personal Beliefs: Respect the client's personal beliefs, values, and circumstances. Avoid imposing personal beliefs.

Menopause

• Defining Menopause: Marked by the end of menstrual periods for 12 months or more. This correlates to a decline in estrogen production and absence of ovulation.
• Age of Onset: Typically occurs in women between ages 40 to 60, with an average age of 51.

Trans Male Reproductive Care

• Lifespan Considerations: Reproductive health for trans men requires specific consideration at any stage of life.
• Consultation: Trans clients should consult with providers to discuss the various reproductive health needs and treatment measures relevant to them.

Healthy Lifestyle During Pregnancy

• Calorie Intake: Increased calorie intake for fetal growth and maintaining adequate maternal energy levels.

• Nutrient Intake: Prenatal vitamins should be emphasized. Appropriate hydration important to ensure adequate intake.

• Dietary Restrictions: Avoid certain foods like raw or undercooked foods.

Safe Sex and STI Prevention

• Regular Testing: Encourage clients to begin regular STI testing alongside their reproductive health screening.

• Condom Use: Condom use is essential for preventing STIs for both male and female clients.

• Multiple Sexual Partners and New Partners: Risk factors such as multiple sexual partners and/or new partners should be explained thoroughly for client education.

Diaphragm Use

• Placement Timing: Insertion should occur before intercourse.

• Non-Hormonal Effects: Does not affect hormones.

• Efficacy Concerns: Has a failure rate of 6-12% when used correctly.

• Fitting: Needs fitting by a provider.

Combination Birth Control Pills

• Mechanism of Action: These work by using synthetic versions of estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus, and reduce sperm ability to reach the egg.

• Timing of Use: Taken daily. The first pill is taken on the first day of menstrual bleeding. Alternatively, can be used following a 7-day course of a different birth control method.

• Placebo Week: End of the pack includes dummy pills for hormone cycle regulation to allow menstrual bleeding in the following week.

Sterilization Methods

• Types: Tubal ligation (or tying of the fallopian tubes), hysteroscopic sterilization, bilateral salpingectomy, and hysterectomy.

• Client Considerations: Carefully consider client choices for their needs and medical history prior to deciding which method best suits the client.

• Surgical Procedures: Sterilization procedures can involve different surgical techniques/methods (Laparotomy, Laparoscopy, Hysteroscopy).

Morning-After Contraception

• Methods: Options include emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) that may contain Ulipristal acetate, Levonorgestrel, and a high dosage of combined birth control pills.

Breast Alterations

• Diagnostic Procedure: Mammography is the diagnostic procedure most often used for breast alterations. Explain that mammograms (X-rays) are most often used for breast cancer diagnosis.

Mastitis

• Manifestations: Breast erythema, warmth, pain, swelling, fever, and general malaise. If untreated, it can progress to abscess formation or sepsis.

Ovarian Cancer

• Risk Factors: Include family and personal history, smoking, nulliparity (never having given birth), and certain genetic factors.

Dysmenorrhea

• Cause: Prostaglandin secretion (causing uterine contractions) is a potential cause in most clients. Other factors may include endometriosis and uterine fibroids.

Infertility

• Causes (Male/Female): Include testicular problems (like varicocele or trauma), ejaculatory dysfunction, endocrine disorders for men, and issues like ovarian problems, fallopian tube issues, or uterine problems in women. Include a holistic approach with relevant factors to consider.

Gonadotropin Therapy Complications

• Multiple Gestation: Increased risk for multiple pregnancies.

• Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): Can lead to significant complications.

Amenorrhea

• Causes: Can stem from dysfunction in the hypothalamus, ovaries, uterus, vagina, or the pituitary gland.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

• Pathogens: Bacterial infections (STIs), such as multiple/new partners, lack of condom usage, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, and vaginal douching correlate to a higher risk of PID.

Toxoplasmosis Risk Factors

• Exposure: Risk factors include exposure to contaminated soil, cat feces, or fruits/vegetables.

Trichomoniasis

• Symptoms: Yellow-green, malodorous vaginal discharge; vulvar burning and itching; dysuria (painful urination).

PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis)

• Treatment Approach: Educate clients about prevention and treatment options.

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

• Risk Factors: Include antibiotic usage, pregnancy, impaired immunity, and the use of hormonal contraceptives.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

• Characteristics: Ovulatory dysfunction; androgen excess (leading to anovulation, irregular periods, hirsutism, acne, and alopecia); and polycystic ovaries.

• Clinical Presentation: Potentially include diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, sleep apnea, fatty liver, depression, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

Test your knowledge on key procedures and hormones related to genetics and fertility. This quiz covers topics such as amniocentesis, hormone therapy, and patient considerations. Ideal for students and professionals in the fields of genetics, obstetrics, and endocrinology.