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Questions and Answers
During which prenatal period is the developing organism MOST susceptible to teratogens, potentially leading to major structural abnormalities?
During which prenatal period is the developing organism MOST susceptible to teratogens, potentially leading to major structural abnormalities?
- Postnatal Period
- Fetal Period
- Period of the Embryo (correct)
- Germinal Period
A couple learns their child has a chromosomal abnormality called Trisomy 21. Which diagnostic tool would have MOST likely revealed this condition?
A couple learns their child has a chromosomal abnormality called Trisomy 21. Which diagnostic tool would have MOST likely revealed this condition?
- Karyotype (correct)
- Amniocentesis
- Ultrasound
- Apgar Scale
A newborn infant displays a weak sucking reflex and seems unresponsive to touch. Which assessment tool is used immediately after birth to evaluate these functions?
A newborn infant displays a weak sucking reflex and seems unresponsive to touch. Which assessment tool is used immediately after birth to evaluate these functions?
- Apgar Scale (correct)
- Karyotype
- Ultrasound
- Genetic Testing
Which of the following BEST describes the cephalocaudal principle of development?
Which of the following BEST describes the cephalocaudal principle of development?
Which function is NOT associated with the placenta?
Which function is NOT associated with the placenta?
A child is born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Which of the following factors is MOST directly responsible for this condition?
A child is born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Which of the following factors is MOST directly responsible for this condition?
In genetics, what is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
In genetics, what is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Which of the following is the BEST example of a polygenic trait?
Which of the following is the BEST example of a polygenic trait?
A woman is in her first stage of labor, and her cervix is dilating. Which process is occurring during this stage?
A woman is in her first stage of labor, and her cervix is dilating. Which process is occurring during this stage?
Which assisted reproductive technology involves fertilizing an egg with sperm in a laboratory dish and then implanting the resulting embryo in the uterus?
Which assisted reproductive technology involves fertilizing an egg with sperm in a laboratory dish and then implanting the resulting embryo in the uterus?
Flashcards
What is genetics?
What is genetics?
The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
Gamete vs. Somatic Cells
Gamete vs. Somatic Cells
Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes; Somatic cells are any biological cells forming the body of a multicellular organism other than gametes, germ cells, gametocytes or undifferentiated stem cells.
Conception & Zygote
Conception & Zygote
The fusion of sperm and egg, usually in the fallopian tube. Gender is determined by the sperm's X or Y chromosome. A zygote is the initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined by means of sexual reproduction.
What is a Karyotype?
What is a Karyotype?
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Cephalocaudal Development
Cephalocaudal Development
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Proximodistal Development
Proximodistal Development
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Germinal Period
Germinal Period
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Period of the Embryo
Period of the Embryo
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Period of the Fetus
Period of the Fetus
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What are teratogens?
What are teratogens?
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Study Notes
Chapter 2: Genetics and Heredity
- Genetics involves the study of heredity and variation in living organisms.
- Key components in genetics include the cell, nucleus, chromosomes, genes, and DNA.
- Gametes are reproductive cells, while somatic cells are all other body cells, each with specific functions and formation times.
Assisted Reproduction and Conception
- Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) encompass methods like artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.
- Conception is the process of fertilization, occurring in a specific location, and gender is determined at this time, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
- A woman's cycle involves ovulation, which is regulated hormonally, influencing fertility.
- Development from one cell to many involves dominant and recessive genes, polygenic traits, genotype, and phenotype.
- Karyotype is a visual representation of chromosomes, which reveals genetic information.
Chromosomal Abnormalities, Twins, and Genetic Testing
- Chromosomal abnormalities have various types and causes, affecting development and health.
- Twins have technical classifications, each of which has its own implications.
- Genetic testing and counseling are available to assess and address genetic concerns.
- Prenatal testing is conducted to screen for potential issues during pregnancy.
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development
- Principles of growth include gestation, and cephalocaudal and proximodistal development.
- Stages of prenatal development consist of the germinal period, the period of the embryo, and the period of the fetus, each marked by specific developmental milestones.
- Differentiation and implantation are key processes, occurring at specific times during prenatal development.
- Uterus, fetus, umbilical cord, amniotic sac/fluid, and placenta have locations and functions.
- Teratogens have examples, side effects, and effects on the type and severity of defects.
Critical Periods, Maternal Influences, and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Critical periods of development have specific windows of vulnerability.
- Miscarriage is a pregnancy loss.
- Ultrasound has ways and reasons to use it during pregnancy.
- Maternal and paternal influences impact prenatal development.
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) has causes and characteristics, affecting individuals exposed to alcohol during gestation.
- Prenatal care has recommendations for promoting a healthy pregnancy.
Chapter 4: Childbirth and Newborns
- Childbirth has changed over time, with advancements in medical practices and approaches.
- Childbirth consists of processes and stages, wherein each has specific events (Figure 4.1).
- Options for delivery include medicated vs. non-medicated, and vaginal vs. cesarean delivery.
- Newborn average weight and low birth weight have distinctions and implications.
- Premature and small-for-date infants have unique influencing factors.
- Reflexes are innate responses present in newborns.
- The Apgar scale assesses newborn well-being immediately after birth.
- Bonding involves the relationships of mother/infant and father/infant.
- Parenthood affects marital satisfaction.
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